Old Roman Cursive

This chapter defines cursive script and surveys the development of Latin cursive script in antiquity and Late Antiquity. It discusses the two principal Latin cursive scripts, “Old Roman Cursive” and “New Roman Cursive,” and illuminates how the latter arose from the former. The ductus of cursive and constructed scripts is analyzed using examples from ancient papyri, parchments, wooden tablets, and wax tablets.

Books and Booklessness in Chaucer’s England

Most of Chaucer’s contemporaries never owned a book. How do we reconcile this fact with the everyday bookishness of Chaucer’s writings? This chapter describes the intersection, in Chaucer’s time, of the traditional oral and written dissemination of ideas, and new book technologies such as paper and cursive scripts. It identifies Chaucer with an emerging class of secular household and urban clerks who made their living by reading and writing. Together with the medieval religious, these men formed a small but significant network in medieval England for the production and circulation of a large number of texts, in all kinds of book and non-book formats. The chapter covers Chaucer’s own dealings with books at key moments in Chaucer’s career, from the literacy he must have acquired as a child in a merchant-class household in London to the transmission of his literary works within his coterie, and then, via professional book producers, to a wider group of readers, including modern ones.

The Allographic Use of Hebrew and Arabic in the Samaritan Manuscript Culture

In the 10th/11th century, Arabic became both the vernacular and literary language of the Samaritan community, along with the two languages of the liturgy: Samaritan Hebrew and Samaritan Aramaic; Samaritan Neo Hebrew was also employed at this time mainly for the composition of religious poems. Together with the introduction of the Arabic language, the Samaritans started to use the Arabic script, along with the Samaritan Hebrew formal and cursive scripts. In comparison with the use of the Arabic script, the Samaritan Hebrew script served mostly for more sacred texts or was employed in order to mark certain textual passages with a higher degree of sacredness. Allography of Arabic in Samaritan Hebrew letters is attested in Samaritan manuscripts since the beginning of the 13th century, although it was introduced most probably at an earlier date. This allography is employed mainly for the Arabic translation of the Samaritan Torah, for the Arabic translations of prayers, and for Samaritan Hebrew or Samaritan Aramaic quotes in Arabic texts. The replacement of Arabic by Modern Israeli Hebrew as the primary vernacular among the Samaritans living in the State of Israel led to a revival of Samaritan Hebrew allography for Arabic texts in the 20th century, mainly in festival poems in Arabic language, which are performed at certain occasions, although not all congregants are still familiar with the Arabic language and script. A close analysis demonstrates that Samaritan Hebrew allography of Arabic is the result of an intense contact between two scribal cultures, both of which were well established amongst the Samaritans. The allographic use of the Samaritan Hebrew script for writing Arabic texts originally did not aim to make these texts more accessible to Samaritan readers, but rather was employed to mark Arabic texts as belonging to the realm of the sacred.

EON OF IMPLEMENTING A MULTIFACETED CLOUD BASED OCR IN APPLE’S COMPASSIONATE APP STORE MILIEU

Cloud Architectures discourse key hitches surrounding large-scale data dispensation. In customary data processing it is grim to get as many machines as an application needs. Second, it is difficult to get the machines when one needs them. Third, it is difficult to dispense and harmonize a large-scale job on different machines, run processes on them, and provision another machine to recover if one machine fails. Fourth, it is difficult to auto scale up and down based on dynamic workloads. Fifth, it is difficult to get rid of all those machines when the job is done. Cloud Architectures solve such difficulties.Optical character recognition of cursive scripts present a number of thought-provokingsnags in both segmentation and recognition processes and this entices many researches in the arena of contraption learning. This paper presents the best approach based on a mishmash of OCR and Cloud Computing to handle with the Apple’s prerequisite, to make it available in the app store to design a splendid OCR for outdoor portable documents. The enactment results on a comprehensive database show a high notch of accuracy which meets the requirements of viable use.