EXERCISES FOR TEACHING SPEAKING

Annotation: This article discusses the types of exercises for teaching speaking, preparatory and speech, and the close relationship between them, which manifests itself in the fact that the same material being worked out must pass both the training stage and the stage of its use in speech activity, approximate to the natural. Exercises should be feasible in volume, take into account the gradual increase in difficulties and appeal to different types of memory, perception and thinking. Key words: exercise, perception, speech, monological, content, training, imitation, skills, memory, dialogic. Аннотация: Төмөндөгү макалада студенттердин күнүмдүк тиричилигинде колдонууга жакындаштырылган көнүгүүлөрдүн түрлөрү каралып, сүйлөөгө үйрөтүүгө, сүйлөөгө даярдоого жана сүйлөөгө жетишүүгө багытталган бир эле материалдын машыгуу баскычын жана ошондой эле сүйлөө кебинде колдонуу баскычын басып өткөндүгүн байкоого болот. Көнүгүүлөр көлөмү анча чоң эмес болуп аз-аздан татаалдаштырылып, эс тутумдун түрлөрүнө, кабыл алууга жана ойлонууга ылайыкташтырылышы керек. Түйүндүү сөздөр: көнүгүү, сезүү, сүйлөө, монолог, мазмун, үйрөтүү, тууроо, жөндөмдүүлүк, эс тутум, диалог. Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются виды упражнений для обучения говорению: подготовительные и речевые, и тесная связь между ними, которая проявляется в том, что один и тот же отрабатываемый материал должен проходить как стадию тренировки, так и стадию использования его в речевой деятельности, приближенной к естественной. Упражнения должны быть посильными по объему, учитывать постепенное нарастание трудностей и апеллировать к разным видам памяти, восприятия и мышления. Ключевые слова: упражнение, восприятие, речевой, монологическая, содержание, тренировка, имитация, умения, память, диалогическая.

CHILDREN’S ABILITY IN AWARENESS OF THE INITIAL AND THE FINAL SOUND IN A WORD

The findings from the PISA studies in 2009 and 2012 reveal the results of the reading achievements of 15-year-olds which are not satisfying. The fact is, the reading is influenced by several factors. One of the factors is the ability of phonological awareness, since the early teaching of phonological awareness has a major influence on the development and achievements of the reading abilities of children. Studies have found that the strategies for the development of phonological awareness in kindergarten are crucial for a child's success in literacy (Tafa, 2008). Nevertheless, in Slovenia, there is not enough emphasis on the early development of phonological awareness, even though we have good chances, because many children in the preschool period are included in kindergarten. This study has detected the impact of the exercise of phonological awareness in kindergarten which is accurately presented in this article. In the entire model, a certain proportion of children who detect neither the initial nor the final sound before entering the school is included. With children who have lower levels of phonological abilities, there is a greater risk that they will have reading difficulties. Therefore, it is no wonder that we draw the attention to the urgent changes in the activities and tasks in kindergarten. Key words: exercise, kindergarten, phonological awareness, the final vote, the initial vote.

Incomplete Muscle Activation After Training With Electromyostimulation

Training with voluntary or electromyostimulation (EMS)-evoked eccentric contractions should produce complete muscle activation, since EMS and eccentric contractions preferentially recruit large motor units. Subjects (22 women ages 18-40) were randomly assigned to a voluntary (VOL; n = 8), EMS (n = 8), or control group. VOL and EMS groups trained the quadriceps at the same, increasing force levels 4 times/week for 6 weeks using voluntary or EMS-evoked eccentric contractions. VOL improved voluntary more than EMS-evoked eccentric strength. EMS improved EMS-evoked strength more than voluntary. EMS training improved EMS-evoked eccentric strength more than VOL training improved voluntary eccentric strength. EMS-evoked to voluntary force ratio increased from 0.57 (±0.11) to 1.20 (±0.35) in EMS and did not change in VOL (all changes p < .05). Six of eight EMS subjects produced greater EMS-evoked force posttraining, suggesting incomplete muscle activation after EMS training. Key words: exercise, eccentric contraction, muscle activation

EFFECT OF FORCED EXERCISE DURING GESTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOWS

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of forced exercise during gestation on the reproductive performance of sows. On day 35 of gestation, 48 first parity Yorkshire sows were randomly allocated to one of four groups of 12: control-cannulated, control-noncannulated, exercised-cannulated, exercised-noncannulated. Exercised sows were forced to walk 2 km daily until day 108 of gestation when appropriate sows were cannulated in the ear vein. From day 109 on, all sows were in farrowing crates, and blood samples were taken twice daily from cannulated sows except during parturition, when samples were taken every 15 min. Serum was assayed for progesterone, estradiol and cortisol. Cannulation had no effect on any of the parameters measured. Exercised sows (ES) farrowed faster and had shorter birth intervals than control sows (CS) (P = 0.06). Several of the CS took longer than 12 h to complete farrowing whereas all ES farrowed within this time. The stillbirth rates did not differ between the two groups but a higher percentage of piglets from CS (P < 0.001) than ES died before suckling. The hormone profiles and interval from weaning to first estrus were similar between the groups but estradiol/progesterone ratios tended to be higher in exercised sows from 24 h prepartum to onset of parturition. Prepartum levels of cortisol started to increase sooner in control than exercised sows (P < 0.05). It is concluded that exercise during gestation can improve the farrowing performance of first parity sows through shorter farrowing times and more viable piglets at birth. Key words: Exercise, reproductive performance, farrowing, sows, steroids