665 Blood Loss in Burn Surgeries: Prediction and Its Related Factors

Introduction Blood loss is a common and important problem in burn surgery, and patients often require blood transfusions. Preparation of estimated blood transfusions needed prior to surgery is essential. Some studies have devised formulas that can predict blood loss during burn surgery. However, there were many different factors in each study that may influence the amount of blood loss, which were not included in the formulas. Until today, there is no standardized formula that is widely used. Methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and MEDLINE database for cohort and trial studies that investigate blood loss in burn surgeries. Studies should have clear quantitative blood loss outcome. Results We included 15 studies from 1982 to 2018, 13 of which are cohort studies and 2 RCTs, with a total of 1613 subjects; all studies calculated blood loss and assessed possible relating factors, four of them proposed formulas to predict the volume of blood loss, 13 studies mentioned efforts used to reduce blood loss, and 6 studies assessed the timing of surgery. We found trends of blood loss within each variable and summarized them in tables. Conclusions From the studies included, there were a variety of results in the amount of blood loss and its related factors. This was due to confounding factors and dissimilarities between studies. However, several studies proposed blood loss prediction formulas, which pose promising benefits to betterment in burn surgeries.

BMI-linked correlative changes in plasma concentrations of fasting glucose and triglyceride among older adults

The present study was undertaken on randomly sampled older adults from both the sexes residing in Darbhanga, a commissionary town of North Bihar India (n=360). Body Mass Indices were determined using the standardized formula and plasma concentrations of Fasting glucose and Triglyceride were estimated using the semi-Automated Analyzer. Higher values of plasma constituents in relatively more vulnerable overweight and obese age groups of older adults were recorded with apparently more pronounced increasing trends in observed values among women subjects. ANOVA indicated highly significant variabilities at 0.01 level of P. Correlation analyses revealed, more or less, significant and positive correlations among the covariates in overweight and obese late age groups. Conclusively, age and obesity could be thought to serve as potential risks for diabetogenicity and dyslipidemia in older adults.

Gender stereotypes in translation: stylistic perspective

The article focuses on the means of gender stereotype verbalization in the English-Ukrainian literary translation. Within the framework of the study, gender is represented as a social and cultural phenomenon which, on the one hand, is constructed in the course of interaction with the reality, on the other hand, it is spread in time and space through language. Recurrent characteristics which are traditionally regarded as feminine/masculine lead to the emergence of stereotypes associated with a certain gender. The stereotypical perceptions turn into the mechanisms of human behavior regulation which determine actions, words, position in the society to be expected from a man/woman. However, various cultural environments are capable of different gender conceptualization due to discrepancies in the historical experience, even geographical location or dominant religion. Consequently, the translator may face difficulties related to the cleavage between the characteristics forming the stereotype in the interacting cultures, including cases when such features vary in their intensity. The presence of fixed gender perceptions entails the emergence of standardized formula for their verbalization, conventional metaphors, epithets, etc. In a broader sense, every linguistic choice of the author which determines the construction of gender for all the characters is relevant for the translator whose task consists in coherent reproduction of every aspect of their personality. Meanwhile, the manifestations of feminine/masculine characteristics in the representatives of a certain gender, that are considered completely natural for one linguistic and cultural community, can prove unusual or even unacceptable. The stylistic presentation of the text, thus, becomes a powerful instrument allowing the translator to manipulate the original and the subtlest shades of meanings embedded by the author to meet the needs and, to a certain extent, expectations of the target audience, while the translator’s interference remains almost imperceptible. Still, considering all the similarities of the source and target cultures, the translator may produce a more vivid message in the target text or, on the contrary, blur some of the author’s ideas through the stylistic devices he/she employs.

Numerical Prediction of Fracture Behavior for Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels

Two types of stainless steels are compared in this paper, austenitic X15CrNiSi25-20 and martensitic X20Cr13, based on their numerically predicted fracture behavior. There are engineering applications where both of the steels can be considered for use and where these materials can be exposed to crack occurrence and growth, so proper distinction between them is desirable. Comparison is made on the basis of [Formula: see text]-integral values that are numerically determined using finite element (FE) stress analysis results. FE analysis is performed on compact tensile (CT) and single-edge notched bend (SENB) type specimens that are usually used in standardized [Formula: see text]-integral experimental procedures. Calculated [Formula: see text]-integral values are plotted versus crack growth lengths for mentioned specimens. Results show somewhat higher values of [Formula: see text]-integral for steel X20Cr13 than X15CrNiSi25-20. Further, when comparing [Formula: see text]-integral values obtained through FE model of CT and SENB specimen, it is noticed that CT specimens give somewhat conservative results. Results obtained by this analysis can be used in predicting fracture toughness assessment during design process.

A standardized formula for aesthetic mandibular reconstruction using an osteocutaneous fibular free flap

Ameloblastoma is the most common benign odontogenic tumor of the jaw, and expansional growth of a huge untreated ameloblastoma can result in disturbances in facial aesthetics and function, such as difficulty with mouth opening, swallowing, chewing, breathing, neurologic deficits, and pathologic fractures. Radical wide resection with safety margins and subsequent reconstruction is generally recommended. A fibular free flap (FFF) is commonlyused to reconstruct the mandible in order to adequately restore both aesthetic appearance and function. The aim of this brief clinical report is to present a case of huge ameloblastoma after wide resection with free safety margins, and describe the immediate one-step mandibular reconstruction using a vascularized composite FFF. The sterolithographic(rapid prototype, RP) model, a wax pattern of the resected mandible, and a surgical fibular stent made from the wax pattern were constructed preoperatively. We suggest a standardized surgical protocol for mandibular reconstruction with FFF.Funding: Supported by the International Research & Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015K1A3A9A01028230)Keywords: Mandibular reconstruction, fibular osteocutaneous free flap, huge ameloblastoma, stereolithographicmodel, standardized formula

Optimization Technique for Neural Network-Based Error Compensation in CNC Machining

The neural network (NN) is extensively used for error predication and compensation in CNC machining. However, the training samples are finite and have some noises which limit the training accuracy of the neural network. Furthermore, the weight matrixes and the valve values of the NN are fixed which limit the generalization performance of the trained NN. To solve the problems, some optimization techniques are proposed in this paper. A standardized formula is proposed to standardize the training samples. The data filter is designed to eliminate the noise. A correction strategy is proposed to realize the generalization performance of the trained NN.

Experimental Study on Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Autoclaved Sand-lime Brick Masonr

Experimental data are obtained by a series of fundamental mechanical properties experiments on autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry such as compressive strength experiment， shear strength experiment, bending tensile strength experiment, they provide the experiment evidence for writing Hunan province engineering construction local standard named "Technical specification for autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry building ". And following conclusions are drawn through analyzing experiment data and experiment phenomenon: With mortar intensity increasing ,the masonry 's cracking load and ultimate load are approaching in the compression strength experiment; Except that the experiment average value in the bending tensile experiment of masonry along with joint section is lower than the calculated value of standardized formula obviously ,the other are bigger than that of standardized formula; There is a feature of optimal combination of strength for mortar and block; The author derived the formula of bending tensile strength of autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry.