Effects of poultry litter concentration and substrate source on the development of Mangifera indica L. ‘coquinho’

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the growth of mango (Mangifera indica L., CV Coquinho) rootstock in different substrates and determine the optimal concentration of poultry litter amendments to the soil in combination with seeds with or without an endocarp endocarp. The following factors were studied in the first experiment: substrate source: soil, soil + poultry litter (at 25%) and a commercial substrate. In the second experiment, we studied poultry litter amendments at 0% (just soil), 20% and 40%. Both experiments evaluated the presence or absence of the seed endocarp on: plant height, stem diameter (tree base) and leaf count at 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). After conducting field measurements, we evaluated fresh shoot weight (FW) and then dry shoot weight (DW) after drying at 65°C. No significant differences among the substrate sources or concentrations of poultry litter amendments relative to rootstock development. However, rootstock produced from seeds with no endocarps outperformed all other treatments.

Deep sub-micron ESD GGNMOS layout design and optimization

In the field of integrated circuits, ESD (Electro Static Discharge) has always been a rather serious problem of reliability. Enhanced ESD tolerance of IC chips became a focus of research on IC failure protection design. The thesis is better to solve the multi-fingered non-uniform conduction of ESD devices under electrostatic pulse. Layout parameters DCGS (Drain-Contact to Gate Spacing), SCGS (Source-Contact to Gate Spacing) and BS (Substrate-source spacing) size in the paper can be used as reference for ESD GGNMOS (Gated Ground NMOS) layout design. Also this paper provides setting the DRC (Design Rule Check) command to check the distance between the N+ diffusion regions of different potentials so that ESD failure is prevented effectively. TLP (Transmission Line Pulse) current pulse signal is adopted to measure characteristics of the GGNMOS. The thesis descripts a ESD Optimal layout design from five aspects of introduction, Key elements of ESD circuits layout design, ESD layout optimization, a ESD GGNMOS layout instance and conclusion.

Significant intramyocellular lipid use during prolonged cycling in endurance-trained males as assessed by three different methodologies

Intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) has been suggested to represent an important substrate source during exercise. In the present study, IMTG utilization during exercise is assessed through the use of various methodologies. In addition, we identified differences in the use of intramyocellular lipids deposited in the immediate subsarcolemmal (SS) area and those stored in the more central region of the fiber. Contemporary stable isotope technology was applied in combination with muscle tissue sampling before and immediately after 3 h of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (62 ± 2% V̇o2 max) in eight well-trained male cyclists. Continuous infusions with [U-13C]palmitate and [6,6-2H2]glucose were applied to quantify plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose oxidation rates and to estimate whole body IMTG and glycogen use. Both immunohistochemical analyses of oil red O (ORO)-stained muscle cross sections and biochemical triacylglycerol (TG) extraction were performed to assess muscle lipid content. During exercise, plasma FFA, muscle (and/or lipoprotein)-derived TG, plasma glucose, and muscle glycogen oxidation contributed 24 ± 2, 22 ± 3, 11 ± 1, and 43 ± 3% to total energy expenditure, respectively. In accordance, a significant net decline in muscle lipid content was observed following exercise as assessed by ORO staining (67 ± 8%) and biochemical TG extraction (49 ± 8%), and a positive correlation was observed between methods ( r = 0.56; P < 0.05). Lipid depots located in the SS area were utilized to a greater extent than the more centrally located depots. This is the first study to show significant use of IMTG as a substrate source during exercise in healthy males via the concurrent implementation of three major methodologies. In addition, this study shows differences in resting subcellular intramyocellular lipid deposit distribution and in the subsequent net use of these deposits during exercise.

Gbe and other West African sources of Suriname creole semantic structures

This paper reports on ongoing research on the role of various kinds of potential substrate languages in the development of the semantic structures of Ndyuka (Eastern Suriname Creole). A set of 100 senses of noun, verb, and other lexemes in Ndyuka were compared with senses of corresponding lexemes in three kinds of languages of the former Slave Coast and Gold Coast areas, and immediately adjoining hinterland: (a) Gbe languages; (b) other Kwa languages, specifically Akan and Ga; (c) non-Kwa Niger-Congo languages. The results of this process provide some evidence for the importance of the Gbe languages in the formation of the Suriname creoles, but also for the importance of other languages, and for the areal nature of some of the collocations studied, rendering specific identification of a single substrate source impossible and inappropriate. These results not only provide information about the role of Gbe and other languages in the formation of Ndyuka, but also give evidence for effects of substrate languages spoken by late arrivals some time after the “founders” of a given creole-speaking society. The conclusions are extrapolated beyond Suriname to creole genesis generally.