Immobilizing Bactericides on Dental Resins via Electron Beam Irradiation

Polymerizable bactericides, such as quaternary ammonium compound–based monomers, have been intensively studied as candidates for immobilizing antibacterial components on dental resin. However, they predominantly exhibit a bacteriostatic behavior, rather than bactericidal, as the immobilized components are left with insufficient molecular movement to disrupt the bacterial surface structure through contact-mediated action. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to increase the density of the immobilized bactericide and enhance its antibacterial/antibiofilm properties by combining a surface-grafting technique with electron beam irradiation. A solution of the quaternary ammonium compound–based monomer, 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB), was coated on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin specimens at the concentrations of 30, 50, and 80 wt%. The coated resins were subsequently exposed to 10 MeV of electron beam irradiation at 50 and 100 kGy, followed by thermal stabilization at 60 °C. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by inoculating a Streptococcus mutans suspension on the coated PMMA resin samples, which exhibited bactericidal effects even after 28 d of aging ( P < 0.05, Tukey’s honestly significant difference test). Transmission electron microscopy and bacteriolytic activity evaluation revealed that the S. mutans cells had sustained membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the antibiofilm effects against S. mutans and bacteria collected from human saliva were assessed. The thickness and the percentage of membrane-intact cells of the S. mutans and multispecies biofilms formed on the MDPB-immobilized surfaces were significantly lower than the uncoated PMMA specimens, even after 28-d aging ( P < 0.05, Tukey’s honestly significant difference test). Thus, the immobilization of antibacterial MDPB via electron beam irradiation induced rapid membrane depolarization, increasing membrane permeability and eventually causing cell death. Our strategy substantially enhances the antibacterial properties of the resinous materials and inhibits biofilm formation, therefore demonstrating significant potential for preventing infectious diseases in the oral environment.

PENGGUNAAN 2,4-D UNTUK INDUKSI KALUS KLON KAKAO UNGGUL SULAWESI 1

ABSTRACT The multiplication of cocoa clones in conventional Sulawesi has not yet been able to fulfill the demand for large quantities of seeds because it is limited by the number of shoots and branches ready to be tapped, connected and oculated and takes longer to produce large quantities of seeds. One alternative in overcoming this problem is plant proragation using tussue culture techniques. The aim of this experiment was to determine the appropriate of 2,4-D for callus induction of superior cocoa clones Sulawesi via in vitro culture. This experiment used Completely Randomized Design with five treatments, namely 0.50 ppm 2,4-D, 0.75 ppm 2,4-D, 1.00 ppm 2,4-D, 1.25 ppm 2,4-D and 1.50 ppm 2,4-D. Parameters observed consisted of the time, percentage, color and texture of calli. Data was analized by using analysis of variance and differences between mean treatments were determined by Honestly Significant Difference Test at 5% level. Results of this experiment indicated that the ability of different callus induction at various concentrations of 2,4-D for superior cocoa clones in Sulawesi 1 was tried. it was obtained the quickest callus formation at concentration 0.50ppm 2,4-D namely average 4.22 WAC with the percentage of callus formation was up to 99,33%. Keywords: Callus Induction, Clones Sulawesi 1, 2,4-D ABSTRAK Perbanyakan klon kakao Sulawesi secara konvensional saat ini belum dapat memenuhi permintaan bibit dalam jumlah besar karena sangat dibatasi oleh jumlah tunas dan cabang yang siap disetek, disambung, dan diokulasi serta dibutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama untuk menghasilkan bibit dalam jumlah besar. Salah satu alternatif dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah perbanyakan tanaman dengan menggunakan teknik kultur jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh protokol yang tepat dalam menginduksi kalus sebagai upaya awal dalam perbanyakan tanaman kakao melalui embryogenesis. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 level perlakuan yaitu 0,50 ppm 2,4-D, 0,75 ppm 2,4-D, 1,00 ppm 2,4-D, 1,25 ppm 2,4-D dan 1,50 ppm 2,4-D. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap saat muncul kalus, persentase eksplan berkalus, warna kalus dan tekstur kalus. Data diolah dengan analisis ragam dan perbedaan antar perlakuan ditentukan dengan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kemampuan induksi kalus berbeda pada berbagai konsentrasi 2,4-D untuk klon kakao unggul Sulawesi 1 yang dicobakan. Saat muncul kalus paling cepat diperoleh pada konsentrasi 0,5 ppm 2,4-D yaitu rata-rata 16,67 HST dengan persentase pembentukan kalus tertinggi mencapai 99,33%. Selanjutnya, warna dan tekstur kalus yang dihasilkan yaitu remah putih dan remah kecoklatan. Kata Kunci: Induksi Kalus, Klon Sulawesi 1, 2,4-D.

Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Dalam Variasi Rasio Pati Umbi Talas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)-Kitosan

This research aims to know the effect of variations in the ratio of taro-chitosan tuber starch to the characteristics of bioplastic composites and determine the ratio of taro-chitosan tuber starch that produces the best bioplastic composites. This research uses a Factorial Randomized Block design with taro-chitosan tuber starch ratio variation factor in five level (40: 60%, 35: 65%, 30: 70%, 25: 75% and 20: 80%). The treatments which grouped into 3 based on the time of making bioplastics, so there are 15 experimental units. The observed variables which tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus young, swelling development, biodegradation and FTIR test. The obtained data were analyzed for diversity and continued with the Honestly Significant Difference test. The results showed that the variation of the taro-chitosan tuber starch ratio significantly affected the tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus young, and swelling development but did not significantly affected the biodegradation of the bioplastic composites of taro-chitosan tuber starch. Variation of taro-chitosan tuber starch ratio 35: 65% produces the best bioplastic composite characteristics with tensile strength values 3.15 MPa, elongation at break 21.33%, modulus young of 14.87 MPa, swelling development test 29.69% and biodagradation ability for 13 days. FTIR analysis results show the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) alcoholic groups, (O-H) Carboxylic acid, (C = O) esters, (C - H) alkana, (C=C) alkena , and hydrocarbons - (CH2) n.

Influence of the Fabrication Technique on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Ceramic Onlays

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of partial coverage crowns (ceramic onlays) fabricated with Press, CEREC BlueCam, and CEREC OmniCam systems, using two preparation designs and evaluating the internal discrepancies at different locations. Two phantom maxillary premolars (master teeth) received different preparation designs, with (BX) and without (NB) a modified occlusal box with round internal angles. Sixty IPS e-max ceramic restorations were fabricated with three systems: Press (n=20), CEREC BlueCam (n=20), and CEREC OmniCam (n=20). Both marginal and internal discrepancy width were measured by using a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. The data were evaluated statistically using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test (α=0.05). The ceramic restorations fabricated with the Press system presented significantly smaller marginal and internal disadaptations than the BlueCam and OmniCam CEREC systems (p&lt;0.0001). Regarding the preparation designs, preparation BX presented the smallest marginal discrepancies for all fabrication systems and larger internal discrepancies than for restorations fabricated with the Press system. The occlusal location presented a larger internal discrepancy compared with the axial locations. Although the three systems resulted in the fabrication of restorations within a clinically acceptable adaptation with marginal discrepancies below 100 μm, the Press system presented the smallest marginal and internal discrepancies. An improved marginal adaptation was observed in the preparation design with a modified occlusal box with rounded internal angles.

KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK, SERAT KASAR DAN LEMAK KASAR PAKAN AYAM PEDAGING YANG DIBERI TEPUNG LIMBAH LABU KUNING (Cucurbita moschata)

DIGESTIBILITY OF THE ORGANIC MATTER, CRUDE FIBER AND CRUDE FAT IN BROILERS RATION CONTAINING PUMPKIN WASTE MEAL (Cucurbita moschata). A research was done to determine the digestibility values of feed in term of organic matter, crude fiber and crude fat containing pumpkin waste meal (PWM) fed to broilers. The research was conducted by involving 20 unsexed broilers, strain CP 707 at 5 weeks old with an average body weight of 1073 g. Experiment design of the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) was applied with 4 treatments and 5 replications at each treatment. Honestly significant difference test (HSD) was used to define higher significant effects of the treatments. The treatments consist of 100% basal ration (BR) + 0% PWM (R0), 95% BR + 5% PWM (R1), 90% BR + 10% PWM (R2) and 85% BR + 15% PWM (R3). Results showed that digestibility of crude fiber was significantly affected by treatments (P<0.01), but digestibility values of organic matter and crude fat were not influenced by these treatments. The statistical test showed that the crude fiber digestibility of R0 (56.92%) was lower than those of R1 (63.10%), R2 (67.71%) and R3 (66.30%). Furthermore, there was no difference among digestibility values of R1, R2 and R3. Based on this research, it can be concluded that pumpkin waste meal could be utilized to replace some parts up to 15% in ration of broilers. Keyword: Pumpkin waste meal, digestibility, broiler

KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING, RETENSI NITROGEN DAN ENERGI METABOLIS RANSUM AYAM PEDAGING YANG MENGGUNAKAN TEPUNG LIMBAH LABU KUNING (Cucurbita moschata)

DIGESTIBILITY OF DRY MATTER, NITROGEN RETENTION AND METABOLIC ENERGY IN RATION OF BROILERS USING YELLOW PUMPKIN MEAL (Cucurbita moschata). Research was conducted to evaluate digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen retention and metabolic energy corrected to nitrogen in ration of broilers using yellow pumpkin meal (Cucurbita moschata). The total of 20 unsexed broilers of CP 707 strain at age of 5 weeks old with the average body weight of 1073 grams were used in this study. The completely randomized design involving 4 treatments and 5 replications in each treatment was applied at the experimental unit. The significant treatments were tested using honestly significant difference test. The treatments were including 100% basal ration without yellow pumpkin meal (R0), 95% basal ration added with 5% yellow pumpkin meal (R1), 90% basal ration added with 10% yellow pumpkin meal (R2), and 85% basal ration added with 15% yellow pumpkin meal (R3). Results of analysis of variance showed that treatments significantly affected (P<0,05) nitrogen retention value, but did not significantly affected (P>0,05) dry matter digestibility and metabolic energy corrected to nitrogen in ration. Based on honestly significant difference test, treatments of R0, R1 and R2 were higher compared with R3. Among treatments of R0, R1 and R2 were not significantly different. Therefore, it can be concluded that yellow pumpkin meal (Cucurbita moschata) was potential to be the alternative material ingredient up to 15 percents in ration of broilers based on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen retention and metabolic energy. Key Words: Broiler, Dry matter, Metabolic energy, Nitrogen retention, Yellow pumpkin meal.

INITIATION OF GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA L.) ON DIFFERENT STERILIZATION TECHNIQUES

The most crucial step during the development of tissue culture is the method of explant sterilization. Especially, explants is sourced directly from fields that were more susceptible to microbial contaminations. This study aimed to obtain sterilization technique from several sterilant for reduced contamination and support growth of shoots grape in vitro. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tadulako, during January to April 2018. The study used a factorial completely randomized design, one factor was tested i.e S1 = Taft 8,3 g/L (0,1% carbendazim), S2 = taft 25 g/L (0,3% carbendazim), S3 = taft 41,67 g/L (0,5% carbendazim), S4 = Taft 8,3 g/L (0,1% carbendazim) + HgCl2 0,1%, S5 = Taft 25 gr/L (0,3% carbendazim) + HgCl2 0,1% dan S6 = 41,67 gr/L (0,5% carbendazim) + HgCl2 0,1 %. There were six treatment and each treatment was replicated three times to obtain 18 experimental units. Each experimental unit using two explant. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by Honestly Significant Difference test at level of 5% if the treatment effects were significant. The results showed sterilization technique using taft 41,67 gram / L containing 0.5% carbendazim for 30 minutes, followed by 70% alcohol for 30 seconds and HgCl2 0,1% for 10 minutes gave free contamination for explant.whereas, Taft 8.3 g / L (Carb 0.1%) for 30 min, followed by 70% alcohol for 30 seconds is a sterilization technique that does not inhibit explant growth as indicated from the most callus formation.

UJI PENGGUNAAN BERBAGAI MEDIA TUMBUH DAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK GROWMORE PADA AKLIMATISASI TANAMAN ANGGREK Dendrobium

The research objective was determine the effect of various growth media and growmore fertilizer on the acclimatization of Dendrobium orchids. study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial consisting of 2 factors, the first is (M) of growing media which consists of 3 levels, namely: M1 (medium fern root), M2 (wood charcoal medium), M3 (coir media coconut) and the second is (G) growmore fertilizer which consists of 4 levels, namely: G0 (without Growmore fertilizer), G1 (Growmore fertilizer 2 g / liter), G2 (fertilizer Growmore 4 g / liter), G3 (Growmore fertilizer 6 g / liter). Determine the growth of orchid plants, observations were made with the following parameters Growth Percentage (%), Plant Height (cm), Number of leaves (strands), and Number of tillers (stems). Data obtained were analyzed statistically, then continued with the Honestly Significant Difference Test (BNJ) at the level of 5%. The results showed that the single treatment of the use of growing media did not have a significant effect on the parameters of observation of growth percentage (%), plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), and number of tillers (stems). The growth of growmore fertilizer also did not show a significant effect on the parameters of observation of growth percentage (%), plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), and number of tillers (stems). Interaction of the use of various growth media and growmore fertilizer did not show a significant effect on the percentage of growth (%), plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), and number of tillers (stems).