Maritime Historical Archaeology Research at Balok River, Belitung Island

Balok River is one of the rivers in the southern part of Belitung Island, which empties into Balok Bay. This bay forms wide and sheltered water in which it is directly connected to the Java Sea. This paper aims to provide an overview of the past maritime relationship pattern along the Balok River and the surrounding waterfront environment. This study examines existing data from archaeological research conducted by South Sumatra Archaeological Research Office and the National Archaeological Research Center from 2011 to 2021. Archaeological remains such as ceramic artifacts from China, Southeast Asia, and Europe showed that these regions had been involved in long-distance international trade networks. Regional contact with outsiders is also proved by findings of pottery shreds such as jug and roof tile fragments that were not produced locally in the Belitung area. Oral history reveals that there was once arouse a kingdom named the Balok Kingdom along this river. This kingdom raised in the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, dwellings from the period before the Balok Kingdom’s existence is unknown. The toponym along the Balok River also indicates topographical features associated with maritime culture, namely Pangkalan. This toponym probably refers to the docks in the past. At this time, places using pangkalan toponyms are still functioned as boat mooring places by Balok Villagers and its surroundings. Balok River is the main route for people to the sea for fishing

RO/RO Passenger Ferry Safety: A Perspective from the Canadian West Coast

This paper discusses actions which the British Columbia Ferry Corporation has undertaken subsequent to the catastrophic 1994 Estonia capsize accident in the Baltic Sea that resulted in the loss of 912 lives. The corporation sets as its highest goal the provision of a "safe, efficient and effective ferry system," and therefore the actions described form part of a continuum of safety improvement which is central to the BCFC operating philosophy. Recommendations with respect to both rough water, northern route vessels and to the southern route, more sheltered water fleet are outlined. In addition, the improvement of safety on the northern routes vessels by the fitting of improved supporting and closing devices on the bow visors, by improving the bow ramp securing arrangements and by installation of inner weathertight doors is described in detail. Some recent model testing undertaken to investigate the potential for "bow scooping," and which has provided valuable input to the International Maritime Organization's Panel of Experts in determining the limits of application of proposed bow flooding criteria, is reviewed.

Archaeological Evidence for a Former Bay at Seaside, Oregon

Cultural shell middens, a common feature of coastal landscapes, preserve a record of past human use of coastal resources and often provide important paleoenvironmental information. Molluscan remains from two shell midden sites, located 0.7 km from the modern Pacific coast at Seaside, Oregon, suggest the former presence of a small sheltered bay at this locality. The modern sand beaches in the Seaside area, stretching for 30 km southward from the mouth of the Columbia River, are exposed to high-energy surf where razor clams (Siliqua patula) are today the only common bivalve. By contrast, over 90% of molluscan remains (by weight) recovered from the archaeological sites represent species that favor sheltered water. Geologic studies in the Seaside area have shown that the beach prograded some 2 km over the last 4 millennia. The midden evidence suggests that the progradation was accompanied by the infilling of a former bay.

MEASURING OF SQUAT IN THE FAIRWAY TO THE PORT OF LULEA, NORTH SWEDEN

The importance of knowledge of squat and expected underkeel clearance for ships passing a fairway is essential to the navigational safety and the economy of a harbour. In order to check the squat of ships in the fairway to the port of Lulea a photographic measuring method has been evolved and used in measurements on three different ships. Determining of squat is made by levelling the position of vessels in relation to water level at the berth before sailing and en route at measuring points along the fairway. The accuracy of measurements was determined by observations on reference staffs. The order of standard deviation is 1/2 inch, at 2,400 feet distance. Observations indicate squat ranging from 1 foot 5 inches at speeds of 9 knots to 2 inches at 3>7 knots. The measured squat corresponds rather good to tneoretically calculated values according to Woltiger and Shell/Sogreah. The measuring method used has reduced the field work. The greatest advantage is that adequate values of squat will be directly recorded with only a few corrections including irregular factors such as turbulent flow, hull deformations and variable channel sections. A condition is however sheltered water and possioilities of solid foundation for instrument arrangement. 1499