Comparative responses of soybean (Glycine max), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to root zone and aerial temperatures

Experiments were conducted to compare germination efficiencies and vegetative growth of soybean and the competing weed species, sicklepod and Palmer amaranth, over a range of temperatures in the root zone and aerial environments. From genetic origins we hypothesized that the weeds would have a higher temperature optimum, which would help explain competitive interactions seen in the southeastern U.S. Germination experiments indicated that germination efficiency of the weeds was much more sensitive to low temperature than soybean, being markedly inhibited below 18 C. Similarly, experiments in an automated, temperature-controlled hydroponic system revealed that the weed species were less tolerant of low root zone temperature but more tolerant of high root zone temperature than soybean. At 16 C, dry weight of soybean was 74% of the control dry weight at 24 C, whereas dry weights of sicklepod and Palmer amaranth were 5 and 20% of the control, respectively. At 32 C, soybean root dry weight was only 80% of the 24 C treatment, whereas root dry weight of the weed species was not significantly different. When plants were grown at a low aerial temperature, growth of all plants was strongly inhibited] but the negative effects were somewhat more severe in the weed species than with soybean. An increase in aerial temperature from 26/22 C to 34/30 C (day/night) had a positive influence on dry matter accumulation of the weed species, stimulating sicklepod 150 to 200% and Palmer amaranth 150 to 1,600% compared to their respective controls, whereas soybean remained at about 80 to 90% of the control. All species grew taller with increasing temperature. Leaf area of the weeds increased but leaf area of soybean did not increase. Consistent with our original hypothesis, the results clearly show that the weeds, which originate from warm geographical regions, respond more negatively than soybean to low temperatures in the growth environment but more positively to high temperatures. The temperature characteristics help to explain why the intensity of weed pressure increases as the soybean growing season progresses, even after canopy closure.

Australian Journal of Physics Astrophysical Supplements

A survey of the sky between S + 25� and S - 25� at 85 and 150 MHz is described, made with aerial beams 3.8� X 3.5� and 2.2� X 2.2�. Absolute measurements of aerial temperature are tabulated for points spaced 2�. A computer program is described which has enabled these results to be reduced to brightness temperatures, which are tabulated for the same points.

Observations of Cosmic Noise at 9·15 Mc/s

From observations made at a frequency of 9� 15 Mc/s, with an aerial of beam width 29� between half-power points and directed to Dec. -32�, a curve of equivalent aerial temperature, as a function of sidereal time, is derived.

XIII. On the simultaneous distribution of heat throughout superficial parts of the earth

The principal object of this memoir is to develope the laws of the distribution of temperature in the portion of the atmosphere in contact with the earth, and to point out the connexion between the phenomena of aërial temperature and those of soil and oceanic temperature. The author maintains that hitherto no perfect physical representation of the distribution of heat over the earth’s surface has been obtained.