Ethnographic Study on Changing Regime of Milk Production in Nepal

Agriculture as a by-birth gift to most Nepalese people is the main pillar of the national economy. The milk production system is one of the main segments of Nepalese agriculture. Its regime merely has been providing approximately nine per cent contributions to the national economy. The farming activities of farmers that have been described in this study were not an isolated discourse. This study seeks to find push and pull factors in the milk production regime. Several shreds of evidence and genuine information were described by the respondents about the milk production regime. Using the agrarian and social lenses in this ethnographic work, phenomenological data from nine respondents were collected to examine the existing practice of milk production. This study reflects on the poor condition of milk producers, though they have adopted dairy farms as a strategy of living. The dairy farm has still been a household strategy for rural farmers. It has also been a good local business for income generation and improvement of the socio-economic life of local farmers.

Sustainable Livelihood Strategies Rural Household in Sanden District Bantul Regency

People living in the countryside mostly have a profession as a farmer. Farming is one of the largest sources of income for rural households. In the district of Sanden, rural communities utilize a variety of land agroecosystems for agriculture. Utilization of various types of agricultural land agroecosystem is one of the household livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies undertaken by rural communities aim to reduce poverty and improve household welfare. This research aims to (1) describe strategy of rural households to support the achievement of sustainable livelihoods (2) Knowing the inequality of farmers ' income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households. The basic method used is a descriptive analytical method. The research site in Sanden district, Bantul regency was then taken by random farmer owners of 30 people as respondents. Rural household strategy to support sustainable livelihood achievement is calculated using descriptive statistics, and the inequality of farmer's income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households is calculated using the Gini index and the Lorentz curve. The results showed that farmers ' household strategy to support the greatest sustainable livelihoods achievement in the form of consolidated strategies, and inequality of revenue distribution based on households livelihood strategies is moderate distribution inequality.

When leaving is normal and staying is novel: Men’s labor migration and women’s employment in rural Mozambique

Considerable cross-national research has examined the impact of international labor migration on livelihoods in sending households and communities. Although findings vary across contexts, the general underlying assumption of this research is that migration represents a novel income-generating alternative to local employment. While engaging with this assumption, we also argue that in many sending communities where labor migration has been going on for generations, it is the decision not to migrate and instead to pursue local livelihood opportunities that might constitute a true departure from the expected behavior. Importantly, both the decisions to migrate and not to migrate are part of a household strategy shaped by gendered negotiation and bargaining. Building on these propositions, we use rich survey data from rural Mozambique, a typical setting of long-established large-scale international male labor out-migration, to examine married women’s gainful employment outside subsistence agriculture as it relates to their husbands’ migration or local work. We find a somewhat lower likelihood of employment among migrants’ wives, compared with nonmigrants’ wives, and this pattern strengthens with increased duration of migration. However, we also find substantial differences among nonmigrants’ wives: women married to locally employed men have themselves by far the highest probability of employment, while wives of nonemployed men are no different from migrants’ wives, net of other factors. These findings are discussed in light of interconnected gendered complexities of both migration-related and local labor market constraints and choices.

STRATEGI RUMAH TANGGA TRANSMIGRAN DALAM MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN DASAR DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN (TRANSMIGRANT HOUSEHOLD STRATEGY IN ORDER TO FULFIL THE BASIC NEED IN SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE)

The objective of this research is to know the household strategy in order to fulfill the household the basic need. The research is done in South Sumatra Province with on settlement unit sample there are taken purposively based on the up land and low land, the new (maximum for seven years) and old settlement (more then seven years). The samples of households are taken randomly from each unit at about 15% from the population.The method of analysis are using regression OLS, and using coefficient variation.Permanent consumption is on the primary food level while temporary consumption consist of clothes, education, furniture, er cetera. In old settlement, permanent income in up land comes from the farm and off farm, while in low land comes only from the farm. The short-term strategy is that because of the limitation (Oransmigran's income, they postpone or sacrifice the other necessities. The longterm strategy will change due to the growing age of the settlement from only specializing on food crop to cash crop. However, the age of settlement studied is not enough to grow perennial cash crop.

Migration and Financial Transfers: UK-Somalia

Migrants’ financial transfers have been estimated to be Somalia’s largest source of revenue. The UK is believed to be a significant source of these financial transfers to Somalia. Drawing on preliminary ethnographic research in the UK during 2004, this paper firstly presents some empirical observations on the dynamics of these movements of people and money between the UK and Somalia and other parts of the Horn of Africa. Secondly, it asks, in contexts of forced migration, what is the relevance of the popular concept of migrants’ financial transfers as part of a “transnational household livelihood strategy”? Notions of household, strategy, and what it means to send money in such contexts are critically reviewed. The analysis concludes with some challenges to common assumptions regarding refugees’ economic actions.

An Approach to Modern Labor: Worker Peasantries in Historic Saxony and the Friuli Region over Three Centuries

The spread of manufacture in the European countryside initiated the formation of vital and complex rural laboring groups that defy neat classification. The nature of livelihood in these rural settings furthered an integration of diverse productive involvements rather than the creation of narrow occupational niches. In the course of their labor careers, men and women moved between agrarian and industrial pursuits—weaving linen cloth, spinning silk, raising livestock, digging potatoes, tending vineyards, making bricks, mining coal, casting iron, and forging steel. In this context, livelihood was not merely an individual concern; rather, it was part of a broader household strategy, rooted in a family-based agrarian holding. The maintenance of bonds to peasant agriculture fostered familial solidarity over working-class identity. These laborers saw their destinies in the immediacy of flesh-and-blood relationships among family and kin and not in more abstract social and political identifications.