Mondor’s disease of the penis due to asymptomatic infective prostatitis provoking episodes of secondary sclerotizing lymphangitis

Mondor’s disease of the penis is an under-reported condition caused by superficial thrombophlebitis of the dorsal vein or thrombosis of the deep venous network of the penis. This is a benign, self-limiting condition, characterized by a sudden, indurated swelling of the aforementioned veins. The possible causes comprise traumatism, neoplasms, excessive sexual activity, or coagulation inherited deficit. An accompanied lymphangitis is discussed, eventually as a distinct variety. The differential diagnosis must be established by the means of ultrasound, which is the imaging diagnostic technique of choice. We describe the case of Mondor’s sclerotizing lymphangitis secondary to recurrent episodes of genitourinary infection previously diagnosed as recurrent superficial Mondor thrombophlebitis of the penis.

Development of Fiji English

This paper traces the development of Fiji English as a variety of English distinct from standard British English. This variety of English has been used colloquially; however, in the recent past, it has been slowly creeping in to students’ academic papers. Some of its vocabulary may be seen to be quite distinct from standard British English. This paper will first discuss the classifications and models of World Englishes that have been proposed by scholars such as Kachru, Schneider, Quirk and Bolton, among others. These classifications try and explain the differences in the ways English developed its own varieties in different countries. It will then attempt to explain the stages Fiji English went through to give birth to its own distinct variety of English. Finally, it will examine some of the sources of Fiji English lexis.

Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines?

Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.

Are Englishes as lingua franca?

It is well-known that English is a global language. People around the world are not speaking a certain type of English but different varieties of English. With the increasingly awareness of this phenomenon, the word “Englishes” has been widely applied. This essay will focus on the issue of “Englishes function as lingua franca” by discussing whether “English as a lingua franca” is a distinct variety.

The Australian Mission

The Australian Mission marked the last official stop of McKay and Cannon’s ecclesiastical tour. Before their three-month journey home, the two men spent nearly a month gauging the state of LDS affairs in Oceania. In the following weeks, they spoke at meetings across Australia. McKay recognized the difficulties faced by Mormon missionaries in Australia—prejudice, religious apathy, and English conservatism. The apostle was struck by the distinct variety of terrain, plants, and animals he encountered. When it was time to say good-bye, McKay concluded his diary entries for the Pacific portion of his world tour, thus fulfilling his apostolic assignment. He and Cannon completed their circumnavigation of the globe just before Christmas 1921, happy to be home with family and friends in Utah.

Notes on Indian Neolitsea (Lauraceae)—two new varietal combinations under N. cassia and N. foliosa and typification of five names

During the course of revision of the genus Neolitsea (Bentham 1880: 161) Merrill (1906: 56) for India and adjoining countries it was found that N. foliosa (Nees 1831: 64) Gamble (1925a: 1240) and N. cassia (Linnaeus 1753: 369) Kostermans (1952: 85) are two closely related species, the former differing from the latter “by having much broader, coriaceous leaves with a pronounced areolation, the completely glabrous terminal buds and branches, and the glabrous outer bud scales of the flower umbels.” (Kostermans 1995: 169). Further, both these species have two types of fruits, mostly globose to subglobose but occasionally oblong, oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid-oblong. The present study revealed that these two forms of fruits merit recognition as distinct varieties in each species, having no intergradations. The variety of N. cassia, characterized by such oblong fruits has been described previously as Litsea zeylanica (Nees & T. Nees 1823: 58, pl. 5) var. rigescens Meissner (1864: 226), which therefore is transferred to N. cassia here with designation of a lectotype. In N. foliosa, an isolectotype (G00694474: image!) bears oblong to oblong-ellipsoid fruits but the common form with globose to subglobose fruits has been described previously as Litsea scrobiculata (Meissner 1864: 223), treated in Indian Floras (e.g. Gamble 1925a, Saldanha & Ramesh 1984, Vajravelu 1990, Mohanan & Henry 1994) as Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meisn.) Gamble (1925a: 1240), eventually reduced to a synonym of N. foliosa by Kostermans (1995: 168–169). Hence Litsea scrobiculata is reinstated here and treated as a distinct variety of N. foliosa with designation of a lecotype. Furthermore, lectotypes are also designated for the names Tetradenia foliosa Nees (1831: 64), basionym of Neolitsea foliosa, N. fischeri Gamble (1925b: 132) and Tetradenia umbrosa Nees (1831: 64), basionym of Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble (1914: 79).

Origins and development of New Zealand English

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">his paper provides an overview of the chief characteristics of a relatively new </span></span>variety of English, New Zealand English. After a brief historical sketch of the development of English in New Zealand, the paper highlights some of the grammatical patterns of the variety, before looking in more detail at the lexical features and characteristic pronunciations that make it a distinct variety. One of the significant infl uences on the development of New Zealand English has been contact with the Maori language and with Maori cultural traditions. This is refl ected in the presence of a large number of Maori words in common use in New Zealand English, as well as in the development of Maori English as an ethnic variety in New Zealand. Finally, the paper considers other sources of variation within New Zealand English, including early signs of regional diff erentiation as well as age- and gender-linked variation that have emerged in the patterns of change in progress that typify this new variety.</p>

Sri Lankan English: a distinct South Asian variety

ABSTRACTSri Lankan English belongs to the family of South Asian Englishes, of which Indian English is the best known and most established example – although Indian English itself is of course hugely diverse. Indian English and Sri Lankan English have much in common, as both varieties evolved from the English of the British colonials of the nineteenth century, and much common vocabulary developed to describe the common flora and fauna of the two countries, as well as their shared religious and cultural aspects. Both varieties include a number of words of Tamil origin, and many others derived from Sanskrit roots.The main aims of this paper are to present the argument for the recognition of Sri Lankan English as a distinct variety of English, and to discuss some of the practical issues encountered in compiling a dictionary of this nature.

Translated English and universals of translation

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the notion of ‘translated English’, in contrast to ‘non-translated English’. Its focal point is that translated English texts differ from comparable non-translated texts in English, the target language (TL), in the sense that they have specific properties that cannot be found in the latter. Translated English, therefore, is a distinct variety of English. What makes it distinct is that, on the one hand, translated English texts, regardless of the source language (SL), have been found to share significant lexical, syntactic, and textual features and, on the other hand, they are inevitably SL-specific, exhibiting unique characteristics due to, among other factors, features of the source language and the translation tradition involved.