Basic density and CO2 sequestration in seven species from the Commemorative Arboretum of 500 Years of Brazil in Alberto Löfgren State Park, São Paulo

Carbon sequestration involves the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, aiming to reduce the greenhouse effect. Wood basic density is a direct part of this process. We selected five trees in each of the following species to determine wood basic density and quantify carbon, both sequestered and fixed, for 10 years: Alchornea sidifolia, Ceiba speciosa, Gallesia integrifolia, Guazuma ulmifolia, Inga marginata, Maclura tinctoria, and Prunus cerasoides. The study was conducted in the Commemorative Arboretum of 500 Years of Brazil in Alberto Löfgren State Park, São Paulo. Using maximum moisture content capture of CO, we studied variations of wood density and CO2, both fixed and sequestered, by an individual tree in the same species and between species. Values of fixed and sequestered CO2 showed variations among species with a high dependence on wood density such that trees with higher amounts of CO2, both fixed and abducted, were also trees that showed the highest increment both in height and diameter (DBH). Based on these metrics, G. ulmifolia, I. marginata, M. tinctoria, and P. cerasoides showed the most potential to sequester carbon. Our calculations showed that planting these four species would result in the sequestration of around 30 tons of carbon per hectare.

Spotting ignition of larch (Larix gmelinii) fuel bed by different firebrands

Spot fire increase the difficulty of fire-fighting and threaten public safety, and therefore it is important to study ignition probabilities of fuel bed by different firebrands, in order to understand ignition mechanisms and analyze the formation of spot fires. This will provide an important basis for further study to improve the fire-fighting efficiency and reduce casualties. In this study, the ignition probabilities of larch (Larix gmelinii) fuel beds with different moisture levels and packing ratios by diffreent firebrands, including cones and twigs of different sizes, was investigated. Ignition experiments were conducted at different wind speeds generated by fans. The results show that, regardless of moisture content and packing ratio, ignition probability is zero when there is no wind. Both moisture content and wind speed significantly influence ignition probability, while packing ratio has almost no effect. The maximum moisture content at which firebrand ignition occurred was 50%, and ignition probability increased with wind speed and decreased with moisture content. Cones have the highest ignition probability, followed by large twigs and by small twigs. Ignition probability is also affected by firebrand shapes and sizes that determine their potential heat and contact area to the fuel bed. Two empirical models were established to link ignition probability with fuel properties and wind speed. This study will help clarify the mechanism of spot ignition and reduce corresponding losses.

An Extended Thickness-Dependent Moisture Absorption Model for Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites

Moisture absorption tests for materials that exhibit non-Fickian behavior generally require a relatively long period to reach saturation. Therefore, it would be beneficial to establish a relationship between the moisture content and the thickness to minimize the experimental time and cost. This research characterizes the moisture absorption behavior of AS4/8552 carbon/epoxy composites. Specimens were prepared at 4, 8, and 16 plies and immersed in distilled water at 60 °C. The relationship between the non-Fickian parameters (Fickian to non-Fickian maximum moisture content ratio ϕ, non-Fickian diffusivity per square thickness α, and non-Fickian initiation time to) and thickness was characterized using a thickness-dependent model. A comparison with other materials revealed that all three non-Fickian parameters are able to be fitted using a power law. Nevertheless, the upper boundary for the applicability of this model was not determined in this study. The Weibull distribution plots indicate that the probability of non-Fickian moisture absorption is influenced by ϕ and α at approximately 62% within a normalized thickness range of 2–3. In regards to to, it is 82% at a normalized thickness of 6. Therefore, the Weibull distribution is proposed for the assessment of non-Fickian moisture absorption based on the material’s thickness.

Optimation and Sensory Profile of Functional Drink from Cinnamon and Cardamom

Functional drinks can be made from local herbal ingredients that are often used for spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) and cardamom (Amomum compactum). The purpose of this study is to determine the best formulation of cinnamon and cardamon as a herbal drink based on moisture content, ash content , and sensory evaluation. Raw materials were dried at 50 °C until reached a maximum moisture content 10% and were reduced in size. The formulations were made of comparison between cinnamon and cardamom which were A (100: 0)%; B (80:20)%; C (60:40)%; D (50:50)%; E (40:60)%; F (20:80)%; and G (0: 100)%. The moisture content of all formulas is between 7.12-7.33% (<10%) and the ash content of all formulas is between 4.83-5.06%. The results of sensory analysis showed that formula B had the best acceptance for color (3.03) and aroma (3.17). Thisproducthad moisture 7.23 % and ash content 4.83 %.

KERIPIK SALAK VACUUM FRYING SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK INOVATIF DI DAERAH AGROKLIMAT BANGKALAN MADURA

Efforts to maintain the quality and storage of fruit is to process it into dry food. Fruit processing into chips needs to be technologically supported so that the quality of chips produced can be accepted by consumers. One way to produce healthy food without changing its original shape is to use vacuum frying technology. Using a vacuum frying, the result had better, the chips were not burnt, keep bright as the original colour and the vitamin content was not damaged. In this program produced salak chips with the characteristics of maximum moisture content of 9.9% ash content of 3.1 %, fat content of 24.1%, during storage for up to 6 weeks. The composition of salak chips was better with aluminium foil packaging than plastic. Salak chips produced still be the quality standards of fruit chips according to SNI 01-4306-1996, namely maximum moisture content of 22%, ash of 3% and fat of 25%.AbstrakUpaya mempertahankan mutu dan daya simpan buah adalah mengolahnya menjadi makanan kering. Pengolahan buah menjadi keripik perlu dukungan teknologi sehingga kualitas keripik yang dihasilkan dapat diterima konsumen. Salah satu cara untuk menghasilkan makanan sehat tanpa mengubah bentuk aslinya adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi penggorengan vakum. Penggunakan pengorengan vacuum, hasilnya akan lebih bagus, keripik tidak gosong, tetap cerah seperti warna aslinya dan kandungan vitamin dari buah olahan tidak rusak. Pada kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dihasilkan keripik buah salak dengan karakteristik kadar air maksimal 9.9% kadar abu sebesar 12.5% kadar lemak 24.1% selama penyimpanan sampai 6 minggu. Komposisi keripik salak ini lebih baik dengan kemasan aluminium foil daripada kemasan plastik. Keripik salak yang dihasilkan masih memenuhi Standar mutu keripik buah menurut SNI 01-4306-1996, yaitu kadar air maksimal 22%, kadar abu maksimal 3% dan kadar lemak maksimal 25%.

Productivity of spring grain crops depending on the method of basic treatment of the soil in the grain-cultivated crop rotation

Three-year scientific observations showed that in the arid conditions of the Saratov Trans-Volga region on dark chestnut soils in a grain-cultivated crop rotation before sowing spring wheat and barley, the highest soil density was after the minimum cultivation - 1.25 g/cm3. Plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm contributed to a decrease in the density of addition in the arable layer compared to subsurface cultivation by 9%, and compared to the minimal one – by 13%. Minimal treatment with a disc harrow BDM 7 Ch 3 to a depth of 10–12 cm reduced the permeability of dark chestnut soil by 38% in the first hour of observation and by 51% after the fourth hour compared to plowing. Before sowing spring early-ripening crops, the maximum moisture accumulation in the soil in a layer of 50–100 and 0–100 cm was after deep non-dump cultivation (13.9 and 15.7%), which was 1.5 and 0.5% more than the control values. During the tillering phase of spring wheat and barley, the maximum moisture content of the upper soil layer was noted in the control and after combined treatment (15.7–15.8%). The combined main processing of dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Trans-Volga region provided an increase in the yield of spring early crops by 0.8–3.0%. Minimization of soil cultivation reduced the productivity of barley and spring wheat by 23.3–28.2%, subsurface cultivation by 8.3–9.4% compared with the control. The coefficient of variation in the yield of spring wheat and barley by the main processing methods in 2017 was average and amounted to 11.3–15.2%, in 2018 it was insignificant - 6.3–6.9%, and in 2019 it was significant - 23, 5–40.9%.

Moisture potental theory application for modelling of enclosing structure unsteady-state moisture regime

Introduction. Known calculation methods for enclosing structure unsteady-state moisture regime proposed by K.F. Fokin, are examined. The first one describes moisture transfer in a sorption zone, and another allows calculation in oversorption zone also. “Thermodynamic moisture potential” of enclosing structure materials introduced by V.N. Bogoslovsky is described. Moisture potential F developed by V.G. Gagarin and V.V. Kozlov is shown. The moisture potential F allows describing water vapor and liquid moisture movement in material in a consistent way. The scientific novelty of the study is the development of calculation method based on moisture potential F. Practical relevance of the study is the possibility to obtain performance humidity values of enclosing structure materials by means of calculations for engineering practice. Materials and methods. A moisture transfer equation is derived on the basis of process physical interpretation, A mathematical model, consisting of heat conductivity equation, derived moisture transfer equation, spatial-time domain, boundary and initial conditions, is formulated. Moisture potential in single-layer and multilayer enclosing structures is determined using finite difference method. Results. Calculations for four types of enclosing structures are made on the basis of the proposed mathematical model: single-layer aerated concrete wall; a wall made of aerated concrete masonry base and clay brick cladding; a wall made of aerated concrete masonry base and mineral wool insulation with thin plaster layer; a wall made of aerated concrete masonry base and expanded polystyrene insulation with thin plaster layer. Conclusions. Calculated performance humidity values of enclosing structure materials were lower than values stated in regulatory documents. The presented results allow to define building heat loss definition and heating system design more accurately. Specification data on maximum wetting plane position obtained earlier were proved within the framework of the developed theory: in enclosing structures with aerated concrete base and mineral wool insulation maximum moisture content is located at the joint of plaster and insulation layers; in enclosing structures with aerated concrete base and expanded polystyrene insulation maximum moisture content is located in the insulation layer. Acknowledgements. Authors are deeply indebted to V.V. Kozlov, PhD in Technical Sciences, and V.K. Akhmetov, Doctor of Engineering Science, Professor, for discussion and useful comment in the course of study.

Researches on the higher valuation of sugar beet pulp from sugar production to obtain premixes for animal feed

The sugar beet pulp from the sugar production is, thanks to the easily assimilable carbohydrate content, an important source of feed, especially for polygastric animals. Its efficiency in terms of assimilation and biological effect can be substantially improved by the addition of macroelements (Ca, Mg, P) and microelements (Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu). These elements react with the sugar beet pulp compounds to form specific chelates. In order to preserve and maintain the nutritional value of the premix, the realization process involves a drying operation. In view of this, experiments have been carried out to determine the maximum moisture content that ensures preservation and optimum drying conditions. This paper presents how the percentage of micro-and macro-elements used and the drying temperature influence the drying speed of the premix

Modeling wicking in textiles using the dual porosity approach

We develop a dual porosity diffusivity model to simulate the complex dynamic wicking behavior in textiles: wicking inside yarns coupled with wicking in the voids in between the yarns. The model expands the Richards equation to account for mass exchange between the two pore systems. This exchange, however, appears to be very small for cotton textiles and the system appears to behave as two parallel pore systems. The water uptake in the yarn pore system is mostly affected by the textile structure (woven versus knit), while the void pore system differs in the maximum moisture content that can be achieved during uptake. Gravity is shown to play an important role, especially for the coarser void pore system.

Pengaruh variasi kecepatan udara dan massa bahan terhadap waktu pengeringan jagung pada alat fluidized bed

Indonesia is an agricultural country that has many agricultural products so that post-harvest handling is necessary so that the crop is not quickly broken when stored or distributed. One harvests in Indonesia, which require post-harvest handling such as corn. Based on SNI, the maximum moisture content of corn feed raw material has a moisture content of 14%. The water content of the corn used is 20% with a tolerance of ± 0.5%. Variations air speed used is 5 m /s, 6 m /s and 7 m /s with a variation of the mass of material that is 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 1.5 kg. With the variation of air velocity and mass of the material showed that the higher the speed of the air, the faster drying time. In addition, the heavier material is drained, it will take longer. Variations of air velocity and mass of materials that require the fastest drying time is the air speed of 7 m /s with a mass of 0.5 kg. Variations of air velocity and mass of material that takes the longest drying air is at a speed of 5 m / s with a mass of 1.5 kg of material.