Faktor-Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kejadia Abortus Inkomplit Di Rsud Gambiran Kota Kediri Tahun 2016

Risk factors originating from the mother are maternal genetic abnormalities, age, parity, history of abortion, pregnancy interval, hormonal, maternal illness (anemia, infection, hypertension, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes mellitus disease) and external influences such as medicine treatment, cigarettes, and others. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that have an impact on the incidence of miscarriage in Gambiran Regional Public Hospital Kediri. This research used case control design. The population in this study were 198 maternal record data of women who had miscarriage and pregnant mothers until they gave birth. Sampling was done through simple random sampling and data collection using recapitulation of research data sheet instrument that was analyzed with Chi Square. The statistics test using Chi Square obtained χ value2 of 22.673 so that H0 was rejected which means there is age effect on the incidence of miscarriage. On the parity variable the value was 21.134 so that H0 was rejected which means there is parity influence on miscarriage. At the pregnancy interval variable the value was 21.569 so that H0 was rejected which means there is influence of pregnancy interval to miscarriage. In the abortion history variable the value was 1.992 so that H0 was accepted which means there is no effect of abortion history on miscarriage. Health workers are expected to share knowledge of the causes, prevention efforts and improve the quality of services in reducing miscarriage incidence.

Progressive failure simulation in laminated composites under fatigue loading by using discrete damage modeling

The discrete damage modeling method is extended for progressive failure analysis in laminated composites under fatigue loading. Discrete damage modeling uses the regularized extended finite element method for the simulation of matrix cracking at initially unknown locations and directions independent of the mesh orientation. A material history variable in each integration point is introduced and updated after each loading increment, corresponding to certain load amplitude and number of cycles. The accumulation of the material history variable is governed by Palmgren-Miner’s rule. Cohesive zones associated with mesh-independent cracks are inserted when the material history parameter reaches the value of 1. Cohesive zone model consistently describing crack initiation and propagation under fatigue loading without any assumption of initial crack size is proposed. The fatigue properties required for matrix failure prediction include shear and tensile S-N curves as well as Mode I and II Paris law parameters. Tensile fiber failure is assumed unaffected by fatigue. All input data required for model application are directly measured by ASTM tests except tensile fiber scaling parameter and compression fiber failure fracture toughness, which were taken from literature sources. The model contains no internal calibration parameters. Fatigue damage extent, stiffness degradation and residual tensile and compressive strength of IM7/977-3 laminates have been evaluated. Three different layups, [0/45/90/-45]2S, [30/60/90/-60/-30]2S and [60/0/-60]3S, were modeled and tested. The predictions captured most experimental trends and showed good agreement with X-ray CT damage assessment; however, significant further work is required to develop reliable methodology for quantitative composite durability prediction.

Does encephalization correlate with life history or metabolic rate in Carnivora?

A recent analysis of brain size evolution reconstructed the plesiomorphic brain–body size allometry for the mammalian order Carnivora, providing an important reference frame for comparative analyses of encephalization (brain volume scaled to body mass). I performed phylogenetically corrected regressions to remove the effects of body mass, calculating correlations between residual values of encephalization with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and six life-history variables (gestation time, neonatal mass, weaning time, weaning mass, litter size, litters per year). No significant correlations were recovered between encephalization and any life-history variable or BMR, arguing against hypotheses relating encephalization to maternal energetic investment. However, after correcting for clade-specific adaptations, I recovered significant correlations for several variables, and further analysis revealed a conserved carnivoran reproductive strategy, linking degree of encephalization to the well-documented mammalian life-history trade-off between neonatal mass and litter size. This strategy of fewer, larger offspring correlating with increased encephalization remains intact even after independent changes in encephalization allometries in the evolutionary history of this clade.