An Analytical Energy Harvester Model for Interdigitated Ring Electrode on Circular Elastic Membrane

Energy harvesters are devices that accumulate ambient vibrational energy from the environment, and for the time being, variable capacitance is the most widely used mechanism. Various designs were proposed to increase the power of such devices, and in particular, the interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern is the mainstream. Nevertheless, most IDE designs focus merely on the parallel-type vibrations of electrodes. In this study, the performance of a novel harvester, which combined circular membrane and interdigitated ring electrodes (IRE), was investigated. This design allows the device to collect energy from the rotational structure motions of electrodes through the vibrating membrane. Besides, the circular structure provides a dense capacitive arrangement that is higher than that of the arrangement obtained using regular rectangular chips. The IRE diagram is composed of many capacitive rings, each of which harvests vibrated energy simultaneously. Three gaps (1, 10, and 100 μm) of the ring are investigated for the first four vibrational modes of the membrane to understand the effect of energy output. It is found that the energy outputs are approximately the same for the three gaps; however, rings with a wider gap are easier to manufacture in MEMS.

In Vitro Performance of an Investigational Vibrating-Membrane Nebulizer with Surfactant under Simulated, Non-Invasive Neonatal Ventilation Conditions: Influence of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Interface and Nebulizer Positioning on the Lung Dose

Non-invasive delivery of nebulized surfactant has been a long-pursued goal in neonatology. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of an investigational vibrating-membrane nebulizer in a realistic non-invasive neonatal ventilation circuit with different configurations. Surfactant (aerosols were generated with a nebulizer in a set-up composed of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) generator with a humidifier, a cast of the upper airway of a preterm infant (PrINT), and a breath simulator with a neonatal breathing pattern. The lung dose (LD), defined as the amount of surfactant collected in a filter placed at the distal end of the PrINT cast, was determined after placing the nebulizer at different locations of the circuit and using either infant nasal mask or nasal prongs as CPAP interfaces. The LD after delivering a range of nominal surfactant doses (100–600 mg/kg) was also investigated. Surfactant aerosol particle size distribution was determined by laser diffraction. Irrespective of the CPAP interface used, about 14% of the nominal dose (200 mg/kg) reached the LD filter. However, placing the nebulizer between the Y-piece and the CPAP interface significantly increased the LD compared with placing it 7 cm before the Y-piece, in the inspiratory limb. (14% ± 2.8 vs. 2.3% ± 0.8, nominal dose of 200 mg/kg). The customized eFlow Neos showed a constant aerosol generation rate and a mass median diameter of 2.7 μm after delivering high surfactant doses (600 mg/kg). The customized eFlow Neos nebulizer showed a constant performance even after nebulizing high doses of undiluted surfactant. Placing the nebulizer between the Y-piece and the CPAP interface achieves the highest LD under non-invasive ventilation conditions.

Ultrasonic Sonar Object and Range Detection Measurement Display using HC-SR04 Sensor on Arduino ATMEGA 2560

Ultrasonic sonar object and range detection measurement using Hc-sr04 display can be use in every application. Ultrasonic sonar popular to use due to low cost, availability, no radiation for human applied in more industry such as medicine, robotic, automation. Ultrasonic sensor is a measurement device that consist of two transducer one for transmitting an ultrasonic wave and the other for receiving the reflective wave. We use HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor can detect lower range from 1cm to 2.5 meter with precession about 0.1 cm and frequency up to 40Khz. The target must be proper orientation and perpendicular to the direction propagation of pulse. The amplitude of receive signal decrease depend on the medium and the distance between transmitter and the target. The transmitter converts electrostatic energy from a vibrating membrane to an ultrasonic waveform whilst the receiver converts the reflected ultrasonic waveform back into electrical energy. This electrical energy combine with motor servo to see the angle of sweeping and ultrasonic waveform using arduino atmega 2560 then be interpreted by a computer display in two dimension for measurement angle and distance of object. Conversion between electrical energy to an ultrasonic waveform use electrostatic transducer or normally we call piezoelectric transducer .