Stratospheric intrusion depth and its effect on surface cyclogenesis: An idealized PV inversion experiment

Stratospheric intrusions of high potential vorticity (PV) air are well-known drivers of cyclonic development throughout the troposphere. PV anomalies have been well studied with respect to their effect on surface cyclogenesis. A gap however exists in the scientific literature describing the effect that stratospheric intrusion depth has on the amount of surface cyclogenetic forcing at the surface. Numerical experiments using PV inversion diagnostics reveal that stratospheric depth is crucial in the amount of cyclogenesis at the surface. In an idealised setting, shallow intrusions (above 300 hPa) resulted in a marginal effect on the surface, whilst growing stratospheric depth resulted in enhanced surface pressure anomalies and surface cyclogenetic forcing. The horizontal extent of the intrusion is shown to be more important in developing deeper surface cyclones than the vertical depth of the stratospheric intrusion. The size of vertical intrusion depths is however an important factor determining the surface relative vorticity, with larger intrusions resulting in stronger cyclonic circulations. Deeper stratospheric intrusions also result in intrusions reaching closer to the surface. The proximity of intrusions to the surface is a crucial factor favouring surface cyclogenetic forcing. This factor is however constrained by the height of the dynamical tropopause above the surface.

Research of Soil Intrusion Depth of Crude Oil upon Emergency Spills of Oil Products

The task regarding determination of optimum temperature upon which the oil products soil intrusion depth reaches minimum is formulated and solved. It is noted that increase of temperature enhance vaporization of liquid hydrocarbons from one side which leads to decrease of intrusion depth and from another side increase speed of intrusion into soil which increase the intrusion depth. As a result the mean depth of intrusion calculated using method of averaging these factors effects has a minimum in some value of temperature. It is shown that this minimum is proportional to logarithm of time interval passed after spill event.

Comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)

A multiple shallow-seated magmatic intrusion model has been proposed by Urbani et al. (2020) for the resurgence of the Los Potreros caldera floor, in the Los Humeros volcanic complex (LHVC). This model predicts (1) the occurrence of localized bulges in the otherwise undeformed caldera floor, and (2) that the faults corresponding to different bulges exhibit different spatial and temporal evolution. Published data and a morphological analysis show that these two conditions are not met at Los Potreros caldera. A geothermal well (H4), located at the youngest supposed bulge (Loma Blanca) for which Urbani et al. (2020) calculated an intrusion depth (425±170 m), does not show any thermal and lithological evidence of such a shallow-seated cryptodome. Finally, published stratigraphic data and radiometric dating disprove the proposed common genesis of Holocene resurgence faulting and viscous lavas extruded in the centre of the caldera. Even if recent shallow intrusions do exist in the area, published data indicate that the pressurization of the LHVC magmatic–hydrothermal system driving resurgence faulting occurs at greater depth. Thus, we suggest that the model and calculation proposed by Urbani et al. (2020) are unlikely to have any relevance to the location, age and emplacement depth of magma intrusions driving resurgence at the Los Potreros caldera.

Influence of Exogenous Variables on Intrusion Depth of PMMA Bone Cement: Revision of ISO 5833 Standard

Background: Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is widely used to anchor total joint replacements to the contiguous bone. Among the clinically-relevant properties of this material is its intrusion depth (ID) because it indicates the potential for interdigitation of the curing cement into the interstices of the cancellous bone. ID is determined using procedures stipulated in ISO 5833. There is only one study in which ISO 5833 was examined critically, but only one exogenous variable was considered. Purpose: We carried out an extensive critical analysis of the ISO 5833 Standard with a view to making recommendations for revising it. Materials and Methods: 7 approved PMMA bone cement brands (covering low-, medium-, and high-viscosity brands) were used in two series of tests. In the first series, the influence of time at which ID was determined (relative to achievement of cement doughing time (DT)) was delineated. In the second series, the influence of three clinically-relevant variables on ID for each of these brands was determined and, then, response surface methodology was used to analyze the results. Results: ID results are given for both series of tests. Over the range of the variables used, the optimum IDs for a low-, medium-, and high-viscosity brand were computed to be 5.7 mm, 3.1 mm, and 2.4 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The findings allowed us to recommend that the following revisions be made to stipulations in ISO 5833 for determining ID: prior to running the ID test, store the cement unit at 1°C; 60 minutes after removing the cement unit from the storage medium, mix the cement powder and liquid, in a vacuum chamber, at 120 rpm; and determine ID 3 minutes after DT is achieved.

Comment on Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico) by Urbani et al. (2020)

A multiple shallow–seated magmatic intrusions model has been proposed by Urbani et al. (2020) for the resurgence of the Los Potreros caldera floor, in the Los Humeros Volcanic Complex. This model predicts (1) the occurrence of localized bulges in the otherwise undeformed caldera floor, and (2) that the faults corresponding to different bulges exhibit different spatial and temporal evolution. Published data and a morphological analysis show that these two conditions are not met at Los Potreros caldera. A geothermal well (H4), located at the youngest supposed bulge (Loma Blanca) for which Urbani et al. (2020) calculated an intrusion depth (425±170 m), doesn’t show any thermal and lithological evidence of such a shallow–seated cryptodome. Finally, published stratigraphic data and radiometric dating disprove the proposed common genesis of Holocene resurgence faulting and viscous lavas extruded in the centre of the caldera. Even if recent shallow intrusions may exist in the area, published data indicate that the pressurization of the LHVC magmatic/hydrothermal system driving resurgence faulting occurs at greater depth. Thus, we suggest that the model and calculation proposed by Urbani et al. (2020) are unlikely to have any relevance to the location, age and emplacement depth of magma intrusions driving resurgence at the Los Potreros caldera.

Comment on Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico) by Urbani et al. (2020)

A multiple magmatic intrusions model has been proposed by Urbani et al. (2020) for the resurgence of the Los Potreros caldera floor, in the Los Humeros Volcanic Complex. This model predicts (1) the occurrence of few localized bulges in the otherwise not deformed caldera floor, and (2) that the faults corresponding to different bulges exhibit different spatial and temporal evolution. Already available field data from easily accessible outcrops and a simple morphological analysis show that these two conditions are not met at Los Potreros caldera. Also, a geothermal well (H4), located in the most recent supposed bulge for which Urbani et al. (2020) calculated an intrusion depth (Loma Blanca, intrusion depth of 425 ± 170 m), doesn't show any thermal and lithological evidence of such a shallow cryptodome. Finally, already published stratigraphic data and radiometric dating apparently disprove the proposed correlation between extruded viscous lavas and faulting. Thus, even if recent shallow intrusions may exist in the area, Urbani et al. (2020) fails to provide any useful information on their occurrence, location, age, emplacement depth, role in the resurgence of the Los Potreros caldera floor, and influence on the structure of the Los Humeros geothermal field.

On the Influence of the Tool Path and Intrusion Depth on the Geometrical Accuracy in Incremental Sheet Forming

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a flexible sheet metal forming process to realize products within short time from design to the first produced part. Although fundamental research on ISF has been carried out around the world, ISF still misses commonly required tolerances for industrial application. In this study, the influences of tool path as well as intrusion depth of the forming tool into the sheet material on the geometrical accuracy were investigated. In the conducted experiments, both flat and stretch-formed sheet metal blanks with different tool paths and intrusion depths were examined. Experimental and numerical investigations showed that changes in the range of a tenth millimeter of the intrusion depth with a consistent tool path lead to different resulting part geometries. A better understanding of the sensitive influence of the tool path and the intrusion depth on the resulting geometry might lead to more accurate parts in the future.