Social Processes Informing Toileting Behavior Among Adolescent and Adult Women: Social Cognitive Theory as an Interpretative Lens

Little is known about social processes shaping adolescent and adult women’s toileting behaviors. The “Study of Habits, Attitudes, Realities, and Experiences” (SHARE) examines adolescent and adult women’s experiences related to bladder health across the life course. Forty-four focus groups with 360 participants organized by six age groups were conducted across seven sites. A transdisciplinary team used social cognitive theory as an interpretive lens across a five-stage analysis. The act of observing was identified as the overarching social process informing women’s toileting behaviors in three ways: (a) observing others’ toileting behavior, (b) being aware that one’s own toileting behaviors are monitored by others, and (c) observing oneself relative to others. We found that underlying processes of toileting behaviors, seemingly private are, in fact, highly social. We suggest, given this social embeddedness that health promotion efforts should leverage interpersonal networks for “social norming” interventions and policies to promote healthy toileting behaviors.

Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model on Toileting Behavior For Toddler Ages: Case Study

Introduction: Toddlers aged 1-3 years are children with psychosocial development stages between autonomy with shame and doubt so training is needed to control themselves, one of which is toilet training. Method: The process of writing this scientific article applied a case study approach with descriptive methods drawn from the writer's life and personal experience. To collect data in the form of articles, the writer used several databases such as PROQUEST, Science Direct, Google Search, and Scopus. The writer also used several search keywords, which are “Toodler Development”, “Erickson Theory”, “Toilet Training”, “Psychosocial Process”, by using boolean “AND”. Besides using keywords, the writer also used inclusion and exclusion criteria ranging from 2012-2017 published articles in Indonesian and English, and full text articles from reliable sources. From the aforementioned searches, thousands of articles were obtained and the writer analyzed and came up with the title “Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model in Toileting Behavior for Toddler Ages: Case Study”. Results and Discussion: The development of toddlers varies from one another. Toddlers can also carry out orders given from others to themselves. After entering the age of 24-30 months it is recommended that the children be trained in toileting behavior because at that age they can control themselves. Conclusion and suggestion:Children’s development in this case is still in line with Erikson's psychosocial development theory so that children are still within the psychosocial limits of health. Special attention is needed from parents to toddlers, especially related to their psychosocial development so that there is no delay and does not interfere with children's development at later stage. Keywords: Psychosocial, Erikson's Theory, Toddler, Toilet Training

Treatment of Encopresis by Overcorrection

Positive practice, cleanliness training, and periodic inspections for dry pants with contingent positive reinforcement were successfully used to eliminate the encopresis of 3 children. With these children no other difficulties were reported or observed. Overcorrection procedures have been used to treat encopretic children who are either retarded or autistic. Past case reports of behavioral interventions with encopretic children were reviewed and compared with overcorrection which seems an effective, valid, and enduring method for the treatment of encopresis. In these case reports, the parents were utilized as mediators in the natural environment and these changes in toileting behavior were maintained for over a 6-mo. follow-up.