INFORMAL BUSINESS TOURISM IN CAMEROON

The uniqueness of business tourism in the African context is argued to be an amalgam of several clusters of activities manifested in both the formal and informal sectors. In this study, business tourism in the global south, with a specific focus on the informal sector in Cameroon is analysed. Using data that was collected from a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with three hundred and seventy-seven business travellers, the study reveals that informal business tourism includes domestic business travellers classified into five distinctive categories: (1) informal salespeople (2) shopowners (3) herdsmen (4) local farmers and (5) wholesalers. The study concludes that informal business tourism represents an important sector that contributes to tourism development and if well harnessed, its multiplier effect could be widespread amongst the different economic sectors of Cameroon.

Informal Economies of the Sahel

Sahelian countries, while sharing many features of other Sub-Saharan African economies, face some unique economic challenges, which merit particular scrutiny, notably: a sizable demographic bulge, being landlocked, a lower income per head, and a higher poverty incidence. The picture is further darkened by critical governance weaknesses, political instability, and radical Islamist threats, which, as discussed in other chapters in this volume, have caused serious security challenges within, and across, national borders. All these factors have contributed to a downsizing of the formal business environment and an expansion of the informal sector. This chapter assesses the relative weights of the formal and informal sectors in Sahelian national economies, its growth dynamics, as well as employment and productivity patterns. It also examines the implications of the rise of the informal sector for institutions and governance, social inclusion, and stability.

Learning Leaders: Teaching and Learning Frameworks in Flux Impacted by the Global Pandemic

This article builds on the work of EDUsummIT2019’s thematic working group 2 (TWG2) focus on “Learning as Learning Leaders: How does leadership for learning emerge beyond the traditional teaching models?” Using the well-established theoretical frameworks of Entwistle (1987) and Shulman (1987) the most significant influences on how learning leaders need to adjust to accommodate the dramatic increase in remote online learning are identified. The major influences include learners’ previous knowledge, self-confidence, abilities and motives, and changes between learning initiated by teachers and that by learners. COVID-19 has caused a massive upskilling of people in all facets of society from children to grandparents, from media to consumers, and from policy makers to practitioners. None of the alignments nor factors identified in this article are static and learning leaders need to perpetually reconsider the factors identified to achieve successful learning outcomes. The ongoing challenges for educators in this changing world are in a permanent state of flux with an increasing IT literate society across all formal and informal sectors of education.

OPERATIONAL OF SOLID WASTE HANDLING IN SUBANG DISTRICT

The operational technique of waste management in Subang Regency uses simulations in the form of three scenarios, namely scenario-1 is a scenario that has been running so far (existing), in which recycling activities have not yet developed, so it is practically only a collection-transport-disposal system. a better scenario than Scenario-1, in which there are already recycling activities in the TPA, both in the formal and informal sectors (scavenging) and Based on the projections for each scenario above, it is found that Scenario-3 is a moderate scenario, because: the volume of waste transportation to the landfill is the minimum, the volume of waste that must be removed to the landfill is also the minimum which automatically has the minimum volume of landfill among the 3 (three) proposed scenarios. This scenario makes the transportation system efficient, but requires a larger investment to facilitate facilities and infrastructure. However, this is not the case in Scenario-1, in this scenario, the budget required for the procurement of facilities and infrastructure is relatively lighter than the needs in the other two scenarios.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN TENAGA KERJA LOKAL DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT

West Sumbawa Regency (KSB) is one area with abundant natural resource potential, especially in the mining sector. This causes a high influx of migrant workers so that it has an impact on the absorption of the number of local workers and there is competition for jobs. This study aims to provide an overview of the internal and external conditions of the local workforce and formulate strategies for developing local workers in improving the regional economy of KSB. This research includes descriptive research. Determination of respondents was done by purposive sampling as many as 40 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the internal condition of the local workforce in KSB was still greater than the weakness factor compared to the strength factor, while for the external factor the opportunity factor was still greater than the threat factor. The strategy for developing local workers in improving the regional economy of KSB is the WO or Turn Around strategy which includes improving the skills of workers in the formal and informal sectors, especially for local workers, improving facilities and infrastructure as well as supporting human resources for BLK for training and improving business skills. local workers in various sectors, accelerating services and business investment regulations in KSB so that they can absorb more local workers.

Wage Difference Between Formal Sector and Informal Sector Jobs; With Special Reference to the Labour Market in Sri Lanka

It is globally understood that wage-based employment structure and wages are a central aspects of the labour force at work. The informal sector is ranging to a broader concept that is difficult to define. The formal–informal wage gap is crucial to understand labour market informality, especially in developing countries with the large informal sectors. The basic model is taken from Mincer (1974), and the study is primarily based on secondary data. The new dummy variable of Job_type and an interactive term were incorporated into the Mincer earning function to analyse wage differences between formal sector and informal sector jobs. The study concludes that there is a wage gap between the a formal and informal sector. Moreover, if a person engages in formal sector job with good education qualification and good working experience, he will be entitled for a higher wage rate. Policies that promote education and equal opportunities for workers in both formal and informal sectors would improve earnings for many workers by increasing productivity and incomes.

Work ability of Thai older Workers in Southern Thailand: a comparison of formal and informal sectors

Background Thai society is becoming an ageing society. Independent older persons need to be able to continue to work after retirement. The Work Ability Index (WAI) is an assessment tool for improving the health and work environment of the older workers. The objective of this study is to explore work ability and its related factors among older workers in formal and informal sectors in southern Thailand. Methods This cross-sectional study with multistage sampling focused on 324 Thai older workers, aged between 45 and 70 years, working in Nakhon Si Thammarat province. Data on sociodemographic status, health history, and work-related factor questionnaires were collected, including anthropometric measures and the WAI instrument between March and September 2019. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations. Results The participants were predominantly general labourers (23.8%) and female (70.7%). Nearly half of them had noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) (48.2%) and were obese (more than 60%). Approximately 60% (59.9%) engaged in safe working practices. The participants sometimes received occupational health services (51.9%) and frequently accessed health promotion services (78.1%). There was a significant difference in the total average WAI score of the formal and informal workers: 40.6 (S.D. = 4.6) and 37.5 (S.D. = 5.0), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that workers aged 55 years and older (adj. OR = 1.45; 95% CI [1.21, 1.74]), those with NCDs (adj. OR = 2.85; 95% CI [1.69, 4.80]), and those who were exposed to unsafe working practices (adj. OR = 2.11; 95% CI [1.26, 3.55]) had a higher risk of a poor to moderate WAI. Conclusions Most of the older workers had good to excellent work ability. Older age and the presence of NCDs were negatively associated with good to excellent work ability. Safe working practices improved older workers’ work ability. Integrated occupational health protections and health promotion programmes for older informal workers should be provided by community health services to improve work ability.

Building Community in Pavão-Pavãozinho : Architecture as a Process of Urban Upgrading in Informal Settlements

Self-built structures in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the primary housing reaction to the city’s increasing population, densification, and lack of affordable housing. Known as favelas, these communities are often categorized under the same impoverished conditions when in reality; each is uniquely distinct in their character and response to context. As such, architecture that seeks to create longevity and sustainable change must treat each community with distinction. Upon recognition that favelas are a permanent condition in Rio de Janeiro, this thesis considers self-building as a socially sustainable opportunity to improve impoverished living conditions. In the specific community of Pavão-Pavãozinho, the project proposes a site-specific architecture that seeks to mend the complex relationship between the formal and informal sectors of the city. Through an understanding of existing favela patterns, the design explores how architecture can both integrate and support existing self-building processes

Building Community in Pavão-Pavãozinho : Architecture as a Process of Urban Upgrading in Informal Settlements

Self-built structures in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are the primary housing reaction to the city’s increasing population, densification, and lack of affordable housing. Known as favelas, these communities are often categorized under the same impoverished conditions when in reality; each is uniquely distinct in their character and response to context. As such, architecture that seeks to create longevity and sustainable change must treat each community with distinction. Upon recognition that favelas are a permanent condition in Rio de Janeiro, this thesis considers self-building as a socially sustainable opportunity to improve impoverished living conditions. In the specific community of Pavão-Pavãozinho, the project proposes a site-specific architecture that seeks to mend the complex relationship between the formal and informal sectors of the city. Through an understanding of existing favela patterns, the design explores how architecture can both integrate and support existing self-building processes