Specific Heat of Holmium in Gold and Silver at Low Temperatures

The specific heat of dilute alloys of holmium in gold and in silver plays a major role in the optimization of low temperature microcalorimeters with enclosed $$^{163}{{\text {Ho}}}$$ 163 Ho , such as the ones developed for the neutrino mass experiment ECHo. We investigate alloys with atomic concentrations of $$x_{{{\text {Ho}}}}=0.01{-}4\%$$ x Ho = 0.01 - 4 % at temperatures between 10 and $$800\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$ 800 mK . Due to the large total angular momentum $$J=8$$ J = 8 and nuclear spin $$I=7/2$$ I = 7 / 2 of $${{\text {Ho}}}^{3+}$$ Ho 3 + ions, the specific heat of Au:Ho and Ag:Ho depends on the detailed interplay of various interactions, including contributions from the localized 4f electrons and nuclear contributions via hyperfine splitting. This makes it difficult to accurately determine the specific heat of these materials numerically. Instead, we measure their specific heat by using three experimental setups optimized for different concentration and temperature ranges. The results from measurements on six holmium alloys demonstrate that the specific heat of these materials is dominated by a large Schottky anomaly with its maximum at $$T\approx 250\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$ T ≈ 250 mK , which we attribute to hyperfine splitting and crystal field interactions. RKKY and dipole–dipole interactions between the holmium atoms cause additional, concentration-dependent effects. With regard to ECHo, we conclude that for typical operating temperatures of $$T\le 20\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$ T ≤ 20 mK , silver holmium alloys with $$x_{{{\text {Ho}}}}\gtrsim 1\%$$ x Ho ≳ 1 % are suited best.

Investigation of Conditions for the Determination of Pesticides in Water Using Solid Phase Extraction

The conditions for the preconcentration of carbamate, phenylurea and triazine pesticides from water samples were investigated, and optimized methods were developed for the determination of the pesticide groups. Bakerbond spe C18 cartridges were used for the preconcentration. The preconcentrated carbamate and phenylurea pesticides were eluted from the cartridges with acetone, whereas the triazine herbicides were eluted with chloroform. After additional concentration by evaporation, the eluates were analyzed by RC-HPLC on an AQUAPORE RP-300 column using a methanol-water mixture as the mobile phase.