Analytical account for off-axis effects in X-ray radiation of free electron lasers

We give analytical description of generation of harmonics of the undulator radiation (UR) with account for the finite electron beam size, emittance, off-axis beam deviation and electron energy spread, as well as for the constant magnetic components and field harmonics effects. We give exact analytical expressions for the generalized Bessel and Airy functions, which describe the spectrum line shape and intensities in the two-frequency bi-harmonic undulator with account for the above factors. The obtained analytical formulae distinguish contributions of each field component and every undulator and beam parameter on the harmonic radiation in free electron lasers (FEL). The effect of the field on the harmonic radiation is analyzed with account for the beam finite size and its off-axis deviation. The phenomenological model is employed for the FEL modeling; with its help we study the harmonic generation, including even ones, in the experiments LCLS and LEUTL. We demonstrate analytically that strong second FEL harmonic in X-ray FEL at the wavelengths λ = 0.75nm in the LCLS experiment is caused by the deviation of the electron trajectories off the axis in 15 μm on the gain length 1.6 m, which is comparable with the beam size; the strong second FEL harmonic in the LEUTL experiment at the wavelength λ = 192nm can be attributed to interaction of the electrons in wide, ~ 0.2 mm, beam with the photon radiation at the gain length 0.87 m. The modeling results fully agree with the measurements. The developed formalism allows the analysis of projected and built FELs and their radiation, helps minimizing losses and correcting magnetic fields; it also shows physical background and reasons for each harmonic radiated power in the FEL.

Does commercial probiotics improve the growth performance and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus?

Oreochromis niloticus be-coming a promising aqua-culture species globally, but recent disease outbreaks and poor growth with commer-cial feed making it chal-lenging. A 60 days long aquarium trial and series of laboratory assays have been conducted to assess the growth performance of O. niloticus fed with a locally available commercial pro-biotic. O. niloticus fry’s were fed with a mixture of basal diet and probiotics supplementation at a level of 0% (control), 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8%. After the trial phase weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate (SGR), percentage of weight gain (PWG), percentage of length gain (PLG) were not-ed. Among all, highest val-ues of above parameters were observed at T1 (0.2%) treatment group. Weight gain, length gain, PLG and PWG were significantly im-proved in T1 treatment group (p<0.05). Additional-ly, hematological parame-ters including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) were also observed for all groups and T1 was found to have highest values for all these parameters, alt-hough there were no statis-tically significant differ-ences between the values of T1 and T2. The results of this study showed that 0.2% dietary probiotics supple-ments in basal diet would optimize the growth per-formance and hematological parameters of aquarium reared O. niloticus.

Growth Benefits of Own Mother’s Milk in Preterm Infants Fed Daily Individualized Fortified Human Milk

The influence of types of human milk (HM)—raw own mother’s milk (OMM), pasteurized OMM, and donor milk (DM)—was evaluated for growth in premature infants fed exclusively HM with controlled nutritional intakes using daily individualized HM fortification (IHMF). Growth and nutritional intakes were prospectively collected in preterm infants (<32 weeks) fed IHMF and compared in infants fed predominantly (≥75%) OMM and DM. The influence of HM types (raw OMM, pasteurized OMM, and DM) on growth were also evaluated in the whole population. One-hundred and one preterm infants (birth weight 970 ± 255 g, gestational age 27.8 ± 1.9 weeks) were included. Energy (143 ± 8 vs. 141 ± 6 kcal/kg/day; p = 0.15) and protein intakes (4.17 ± 0.15 vs. 4.15 ± 0.14 g/kg/day; p = 0.51) were similar in both groups. Infants receiving predominantly OMM (n = 37), gained significantly more weight (19.8 ± 2.0 vs. 18.2 ± 2.2 g/kg/day; p = 0.002) and length (1.17 ± 0.26 vs. 0.99 ± 0.36 cm/week; p = 0.020) than those fed predominantly DM (n = 33). Stepwise multivariate analysis (n = 101) suggests that raw OMM was the major determinant of growth, contributing 22.7% of weight gain. Length gain was also related to OMM (raw + pasteurized) intakes, explaining 4.0% of length gain. In conclusion, at daily controlled similar protein and energy intakes, OMM had significant beneficial effects on weight and length versus DM in VLBW infants. This difference could be partially explained by the use of raw OMM.

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED UTILIZATION AND CARCASS COMPOSITION IN CHANNA PUNCTATUS

To study the effect of photoperiod on growth performance in C. punctatus, the fish were exposed to three combinations of day length i.e. LD 14:10, LD 12:12 and LD 9:15 at 25°C. Variables tested were weight gain, length gain, condition factor, FCR, body composition, VSI and HSI. Fish exposed to long photoperiod showed high growth performance followed by equal and short photoperiod. Significantly low concentration of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate in holding water were observed in fish exposed to LD 14:10 as compared to LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. VSI values were significantly high (P0.05) in group of fish exposed to LD 14:10, followed by LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. On the other hand, HSI was significantly decreased in fish exposed to LD 9:15, while HSI values under LD 14:10 and LD 12:12 were equal.

Meal Supervision During Medical Hospitalization for Eating Disorders

The focus of medical hospitalization for restrictive eating disorders is weight gain; however, no guidelines exist on how to achieve successful and safe weight gain. Meal supervision may be a supportive intervention to aid in meal completion and weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of standardized meal supervision on weight gain, length of stay, vital signs, electrolytes, and use of liquid caloric supplementation in hospitalized adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders. A chart review compared patients who received meal supervision from admission through discharge to an earlier cohort who received meal supervision as needed. There were no differences in weight, electrolytes, or vital signs between the two cohorts. Length of stay for those who received meal supervision from admission was 3 days shorter than earlier cohort. Nursing supervised meals beginning at admission may shorten length of stay and decrease health care costs.

Pengaruh penurunan salinitas terhadap laju konsumsi oksigen dan pertumbuhan ikan kerapu lumpur (Epinephelus tauvina)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penurunan salinitas terhadap laju konsumsi oksigen dan pertumbuhan ikan kerapu lumpur (E. tauvina). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 22 April sampai 22 Mei 2015 di Laboratorium Hatchery dan Teknologi Perikanan Program Studi Budidaya Perairan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Malikussaleh. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan tiga ulangan dan dilanjutkan dengan Tukey jika terdapat perbedaan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu : perlakuan A (27 ppt), B (24 ppt), C (21 ppt), D (18 ppt) dan E (15 ppt). Parameter yang diamati adalah laju konsumsi oksigen, pertambahan bobot, pertambahan panjang dan kelangsungan hidup. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi oksigen tertinggi terdapat pada pelakuan E (15 ppt) yaitu 0,987±0,085 mgO2/gr/jam dan terendah pada perlakuan A (27 ppt) yaitu 0,612±0,033 mgO2/gr/jam. Pertambahan bobot, panjang dan kelangsungan hidup tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan B (24 ppt) yaitu masing-masing sebesar 1,231±0,153 gram, 0,970±0,083 cm dan 90,476 %. Selama penelitian ini suhu bekisar antara 26,9 – 29 oC, pH 6,8 – 8,2 dan DO 6,8 – 8,1 mg/ L.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of salinity reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption and growth grouper (E. tauvina). The research was conducted on April 22 to May 22, 2015. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquatic Hatchery and Technology, Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture, University Malikussaleh. The study design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with three replication and five treatments followed by Tukey if there is a difference. The treatments were as follow: treatment A (27 ppt), B (24 ppt), C (21 ppt), D (18 ppt) and E (15 ppt). Parameters measured were oxygen consumption rate, weight gain, length and survival rate. The results showed that oxygen consumption is highest in the carrying out of E (15 ppt) is 0,987±0,085 mgO2/gr/h and the lowest in treatment A (27 ppt) is 0,612±0,033 mgO2/gr/h. Weight gain, length and survival rate is highest in treatment B (24 ppt) are respectively 1,231±0,153 gr, 0,970±0,083 cm and 90,476 %. During this study the temperature ranged between 26,9 – 29 oC, pH 6,8–8,2 and DO 6,8–8,1 mg/L.