Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control and the Unmet Demand for Sensors: Part 1. Problem Formulation and the Hypothesis

In this study, information pertaining to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for improving the performance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems was collected. Among the 18 AI tools developed for HVAC control during the past 20 years, only three functions, including weather forecasting, optimization, and predictive controls, have become mainstream. Based on the presented data, the energy savings of HVAC systems that have AI functionality is less than those equipped with traditional energy management system (EMS) controlling techniques. This is because the existing sensors cannot meet the required demand for AI functionality. The errors of most of the existing sensors are less than 5%. However, most of the prediction errors of AI tools are larger than 7%, except for the weather forecast. The normalized Harris index (NHI) is able to evaluate the energy saving percentages and the maximum saving rations of different kinds of HVAC controls. Based on the NHI, the estimated average energy savings percentage and the maximum saving rations of AI-assisted HVAC control are 14.4% and 44.04%, respectively. Data regarding the hypothesis of AI forecasting or prediction tools having less accuracy forms Part 1 of this series of research.

New Leakage Reduction Techniques for FinFET Technology with Its Application

This paper describes three novel techniques such as drain gating PMOS transistor (DGPT), drain gating NMOS transistor (DGNT) and drain gating NMOS–PMOS transistor (DGNPT) for mitigation of leakage power, which are proposed to be used for low-power (LP) applications. The proposed techniques have leakage controlling sleep transistor inserted with sleep signal between pull-up and pull-down networks for reducing the leakage power. Simulation results are derived by HSPICE tool with PTM model for FinFET process fabrication at 32[Formula: see text]nm technology node at 25[Formula: see text]C and 110[Formula: see text]C temperatures. The proposed techniques are applied on standard and benchmark circuits, then these circuits are implemented on FinFET technology in short-gate (SG) and LP modes at 10[Formula: see text]MHz frequency. Simulation results show that the maximum reduction in leakage power by the proposed technique DGPT for two-input NAND gate is 99.34% in SG mode and in LP mode it is 99.83% at 25[Formula: see text]C. DGNT technique gives the maximum saving in leakage power consumption of 97.17% in SG mode and in LP mode a maximum saving of 95.10% at 25[Formula: see text]C is achieved. Similarly, DGNPT saves 99.34% in SG mode and in LP mode it saves 99.90% leakage power at 25[Formula: see text]C with respect to conventional gates. The proposed techniques are also applied on different benchmark circuits and the results are validated. As an application of the proposed techniques, NAND gate is modified accordingly and it is used in 1-bit and 2-bit full-adder circuits.

Comparison of Coastal Green Dwellings' Ecological Strategy Take Seaweed House and Oystershell Loculus for Example

With the development of science and technology, rapid urbanization makes the survival of the human environment seriously polluted and destroyed. In the new century, with the issue that how to achieve the maximum saving ,to protect environment, to reduce pollution in the whole building life cycle and to make the harmonious between architecture and nature, Green building operating emerged. Vernacular architecture is an significant type of green building, this paper illustrates Seaweed House in Jiaodong of Shandong province and Oystershell Loculus in Quanzhou of Fujian province to perform a comparative study of cultural origins, building materials and ecological characteristics of the coastal green dwellings£¬in order to use the methods of vernacular architecture for reference to green building.

Experience of Computer-Aided Management of Hemapheresis Unit

Several programs are available for blood banks management but none of them is particularly made for hemapheresis. We studied a data base application able to manage any aspect of hemapheresis unit activity. The programming general criteria were: 1) easiness of use even for people without any previous experience in using Personal Computers; 2) maximum saving time in operating; 3) easily modifiable system in reply to problems or new needs; 4) automatic checks in order to have the highest automation together with the smallest error risk; 5) quick view on state of activity and on material consumption; 6) simplification of donor recruitment. After a three year long experience, we describe our program structure in order to give a basis for the development of a standardized management system which is useful for different needs and open to future applications of blood cell separators.

Commissions 3. (Notations.)

The first point on the agenda dealt with the standard equinox. The Chairman stated that this Committee had to give their opinion about this point as a consequence of a resolution by the General Assembly.The Committee adopted the resolution, proposed by Dr Schlesinger, to use 1900 as standard equinox for all catalogues which are not catalogues of precision, and afterwards the year 2000.In the second place, the Committee discussed the question of the abbreviations for the names of the constellations. The Chairman pointed out that there is a demand for 4-letter abbreviations to be used in cases where a maximum saving of space is not necessary. The proposed 4-letter abbreviations, however, are not intended to replace the 3-letter standard abbreviations as adopted in the meeting at Rome in 1922. Dr Schlesinger moved that the 4-letter abbreviations as used in his Catalogue of Bright Stars be adopted with a few exceptions. Dr Russell suggested a few other exceptions and the Committee finally approved of the following five exceptions: Arie, Cane, Dlph, Tria, and Tr Au, which will be used instead of the abbreviations in the Bright Star Catalogue. In all other cases the abbreviations as printed in the Bright Star Catalogue will be used.