Beneficial Properties of Bromelain

Bromelain is a major sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants, having multiple activities in many areas of medicine. Due to its low toxicity, high efficiency, high availability, and relative simplicity of acquisition, it is the object of inexhaustible interest of scientists. This review summarizes scientific reports concerning the possible application of bromelain in treating cardiovascular diseases, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation-associated diseases, and many types of cancer. However, for the proper application of such multi-action activities of bromelain, further exploration of the mechanism of its action is needed. It is supposed that the anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anti-coagulatory activity of bromelain may become a complementary therapy for COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients. During the irrepressible spread of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such beneficial properties of this biomolecule might help prevent escalation and the progression of the COVID-19 disease.

Abstract 11269: Recombinant Soluble Thrombomodulin in Prolonged Porcine Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Sudden Cardiac Arrest (CA) affects more than 400,000 people per year in the United States. Although a third of these patients survive to hospital admission, another 60-70% go on to die due to failed recovery of vital organ function. Microvascular thrombosis has been suggested as a potential contributor to prolonged organ dysfunction, but no antithrombotic therapies have been shown to be beneficial and coagulofibrinolytic abnormalities in prolonged CA remain poorly understood. Objectives: To establish key biomarkers of porcine coagulation and fibrinolysis in the setting of prolonged CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and test the ability of ART-123 (recombinant human thrombomodulin alpha) to reverse these abnormalities. Methods: 15 pigs (n=5 per group) underwent 8 minutes of no-flow CA followed by 50 minutes of mechanical CPR. Animals were randomized to receive saline or ART-123 (~1mg/kg) pre-arrest (5 minutes prior to ventricular fibrillation) or post-arrest (2 minutes after initiation of CPR). Results: Robust and ongoing activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis were detected throughout the resuscitation. After 50 minutes of CPR, plasma tests suggested consumptive coagulopathy, while whole blood testing (thromboelastography) indicated a persistent hypercoagulable state. ART-123 had a clear anticoagulant effect irrespective of timing (TAT complexes 381±25 vs. 238±18 vs. 226±12, p<0.01, and d-dimer 4.86±0.54 vs. 2.39±0.2 vs. 2.46±0.21 for vehicle, pre-arrest, post-arrest, p = 0.05). A pro-fibrinolytic effect was also observed, but only when the drug was given before no-flow, with a significant increase in levels of free endogenous tPA (1.2±0.12 vs. 3.29±0.29 vs. 1.72±0.3, p < 0.001) and corresponding suppression of free PAI-1 (0.59±0.15 vs. 0.14±0.01 vs. 0.41±0.09, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our porcine CA model provides an excellent platform for evaluating antithrombotic interventions. Plasma testing after prolonged CA/CPR suggests consumptive coagulopathy, although TEG indicates a persistent hypercoagulable state. ART-123 given before no-flow or just after CPR demonstrates antithrombotic effects, although the specific modes of action depending on the timing of administration.

Suppressed Fibrinolytic Activity Demonstrated By Simultaneous Thrombin and Plasmin Generation Assay during Cytokine Release Syndrome after CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T-Cell Therapy

Introduction: Infusion T cells engineering to express CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) following lymphodepleting chemotherapy has shown promising efficacy in patients with relapsed and/or refractory CD19-positive B-cell malignancies including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). CAR-T therapy can often be associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which has been reported to present severe coagulopathy. Conventional coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters have been reported to worsen in correlation with CRS grading [Hay KA et al. Blood 2017]. In the present study, we hypothesized that the change of balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis due to coagulopathy is associated with CRS after CAR-T therapy. To clarify our hypothesis, we investigated the global coagulation and fibrinolytic function of patients receiving CD19 CAR-T therapy using simultaneous thrombin and plasmin generation assay (T/P-GA). Patients: We enrolled 13 consecutive patients aged 23-69 years (8 males and 5 females, DLBCL; n = 11, B-ALL; n = 2) receiving CD19 CAR-T therapy from May 2020 to December 2020 at a single center in Japan. Due to a history of internal jugular venous thrombosis, one patient received edoxaban, an anticoagulant. Methods: We evaluated the global functions of coagulation and fibrinolysis using T/P-GA [Matsumoto et al. TH 2013]. This clotting was initiated by the mixture of recombinant human tissue factor (Innovin ®, f.c. 1 pM), phospholipid vesicles (f.c. 4 μM), and tissue-type plasminogen activator (f.c. 3.2 nM). We simultaneously monitored thrombin and plasmin generation using thrombin- and plasmin-specific fluorogenic substrate (Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC and BOC-Glu-Lys-Lys-MAC, respectively) in separate microtiter wells. The first derivatives (velocity) of thrombin and plasmin generation were utilized to derive the parameters, lag time (LT), endogenous potential (EP), peak levels (Peak), and time to peak (ttPeak). In this study, EP of thrombin generation (T-EP) and plasmin-peak (P-Peak) were selected as parameters for evaluation. We calculated the ratio of T-EP and P-Peak of patients' plasmas to those of control normal plasma. A ratio &gt; 1.0 was defined as high coagulation or fibrinolytic potential relative to normal. Using fibrinogen (Fbg), D-dimer, and antithrombin (AT), we also monitored the conventional laboratory markers of hemostasis. Soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) was also measured as a marker of inflammatory cytokines. Day 0 was defined as the day of CAR-T infusion. Plasmas were collected at T0; pre-lymphodepleting chemotherapy, T1; Days -2-0, T2; Days 1-3, T3; Days 4-6, T4; Days 7-9, T5; Days 10-12, T6; Days 13-18, and T7; Days 19-23. Results: All patients had Grade ≤ 2 CRS. Two cases developed CRS-associated coagulopathy, one of whom required fresh frozen plasma transfusion and cryoprecipitate for low Fbg level, and the other required tranexamic acid for hemorrhagic cystitis. The median values of AT remained within the reference value (RV). The median Fbg values were 229-525 mg/dL, and which were significantly greater at T0-T3 than at T5-T7 (p &lt; 0.05). The median D-dimer values were 0.45-3.9 µg/mL, which were within or above the RV with no significant change between time points. The median values of sIL-2R were 819-3,953 U/mL, and which were significantly increased at T3-T4 than at T0-T1 (p &lt; 0.05). T-EP/P-Peak revealed a median of 1,877/21.9, 1,659/18.6, 1,731/19.8, 1,856/15.0, 1,931/16.3, 1,758/18.5, 1,600/19.1, 1,634/20.3, and 1,594/17.4 nM for T0-T7 and control plasma, respectively, indicating the reduced P-Peak ratios (Fig. 1). T-EP ratios showed consistently maintaining &gt; 1 with no significant difference between time points, while P-Peak ratios were significantly lower at T3 and T4 than at T0 (p &lt; 0.01) (median ratios of T-EP/P-peak; T0; 1.23/1.22, T1; 1.08/1.05, T2; 1.12/1.09, T3; 1.23/0.81, T4; 1.27/0.91, T5; 1.19/1.11, T6; 1.07/1.12, and T7; 1.20/1.15, respectively). Conclusion: The results of T/P-GA showed that hemostatic kinetics in patients with Grade ≤ 2 CRS were likely to shift to hypercoagulable states throughout the entire period and that they were likely to experience hypofibrinolytic activity during the CRS phase. These results suggest that the imbalance of coagulation and fibrinolysis might cause organ disorder due to thrombotic tendency associated with CRS after CAR-T therapy. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Takaori-Kondo: Bristol-Myers K.K.: Honoraria; ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. Nogami: Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Consultancy, Research Funding.

The Angiostrongylus vasorum Excretory/Secretory and Surface Proteome Contains Putative Modulators of the Host Coagulation

Angiostrongylus vasorum is a cardiopulmonary nematode of canids and is, among others, associated with bleeding disorders in dogs. The pathogenesis of such coagulopathies remains unclear. A deep proteomic characterization of sex specific A. vasorum excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) and of cuticular surface proteins was performed, and the effect of ESP on host coagulation and fibrinolysis was evaluated in vitro. Proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and functionally characterized through gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. In total, 1069 ESP (944 from female and 959 from male specimens) and 1195 surface proteins (705 and 1135, respectively) were identified. Among these were putative modulators of host coagulation, e.g., von Willebrand factor type D domain protein orthologues as well as several proteases, including serine type proteases, protease inhibitors and proteasome subunits. The effect of ESP on dog coagulation and fibrinolysis was evaluated on canine endothelial cells and by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). After stimulation with ESP, tissue factor and serpin E1 transcript expression increased. ROTEM revealed minimal interaction of ESP with dog blood and ESP did not influence the onset of fibrinolysis, leading to the conclusion that Angiostrongylus vasorum ESP and surface proteins are not solely responsible for bleeding in dogs and that the interaction with the host’s vascular hemostasis is limited. It is likely that coagulopathies in A. vasorum infected dogs are the result of a multifactorial response of the host to this parasitic infection.

Fibronectin Molecular Status in Plasma of Women with Endometriosis and Fertility Disorders

The diagnosis of endometriosis and fertility disorders is difficult; therefore, it is necessary to look for reliable biomarkers. Analysis of the molecular status of fibronectin as a key player in repair and wound healing processes, as well as in coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways, is justified. ELISA and SDS-agarose immunoblotting were applied to determine the fibronectin concentration and presence and occurrence of soluble FN-fibrin complexes in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (n = 38), fertility disorders (n = 28) and the healthy group (n = 25). The concentration of fibronectin in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (292.61 ± 96.17 mg/L) and fertility disorders (287.53 ± 122.68 mg/L) was significantly higher than in the normal group (226.55 ± 91.98 mg/L). The presence of FN-fibrin complexes of 750, 1000, 1300, 1600 and 1900 kDa in the plasma of women with endometriosis and fertility disorders was shown. The presence of FN-fibrin complexes with a molecular mass of more than 1300 kDa in women with endometriosis and infertility and the complete absence of these complexes in healthy women may indicate an increased and chronic activation of coagulation mechanisms in these patients. The presence of complexes of high molecular mass may be one of the biomarkers of fertility disorders in women.

ECMO induces early alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis profiles in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Hemostatic changes induced by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support have been yet poorly documented in COVID-19 patients who have a baseline complex hypercoagulable state. In this prospective monocentric study of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) rescued by ECMO, we performed longitudinal measurements of coagulation and fibrinolysis markers throughout the course of ECMO support in 20 COVID-19 and 10 non-COVID-19 patients. Blood was sampled before and then 24 hours, 7 and 14 days after ECMO implantation. Clinical outcomes were prospectively assessed until discharge from the intensive care unit or death. The median age of participants was 47 (35-56) years, with a median body mass index of 30 (27-35) kg/m², and a SOFA score of 12 (8-16). Baseline levels of von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, factor VIII, prothrombin F1+2, thrombin-antithrombin, D-Dimers and PAI-1 were elevated in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS patients, indicating that endothelial activation, endogenous thrombin generation and fibrinolysis shut-down occur in all ARDS patients before ECMO implantation. From baseline to day 7, thrombin generation (prothrombin F1+2, p<0.01) and fibrin formation markers (fibrin monomers, p<0.001) significantly increased, further resulting in significant decreases in platelet count (p<0.0001) and fibrinogen level (p<0.001). PAI-1 levels significantly decreased from baseline to day 7 (p<0.0001) in all ARDS patients. These changes were more marked in COVID-19 patients, resulting in 14 non-fatal and 3 fatal bleeding. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether monitoring of thrombin generation and fibrinolysis markers might help to early predict bleeding complications in COVID-19 patients supported by ECMO.