The modifying impact of melaxen on the genotoxic effects of chronic cadmium intoxication in rats

С использованием микроядерного теста было показано протекторное влияние мелаксена (10 мг/кг) при хронической экспериментальной интоксикации кадмием (0,3 мг/кг) в крови крыс, p<0,001. Исследуемый лекарственный препарат продемонстрировал способность снижать ожидаемое число микроядер и полихроматофильных эритроцитов (ПХЭ), индуцированных кадмием при двухнедельной и месячной экспозиции. При хроническом внутрижелудочном введении мелаксена не зафиксирован рост числа микроядер и ПХЭ по сравнению с контролем, p>0,05. Using the micronucleus test, the protective effect of melaxen (10 mg / kg) was shown in chronic experimental cadmium intoxication (0.3 mg / kg) in rat blood, p <0.001. The studied remedy demonstrated the ability to reduce the expected number of micronuclei and polychromatophilic red blood cells (PCE) induced by cadmium during two-week and one-month exposure. In chronic intragastric injection of melaxen, an increase in the number of micronuclei and PCEs was not registered in comparison with the control, p> 0.05.

Effect of glutathione on the cadmium chelation of EDTA in a patient with cadmium intoxication

In order to evaluate the efficiency and renal protective effects of glutathione during Ca++-EDTA chelation therapy for chronic cadmium intoxication, we measured the renal excretion of cadmium, β2-microglobulin, proteinuria, and hematuria during intravenous administration of glutathione with Ca++-EDTA in a 54-year-old patient with chronic cadmium intoxication. We administered 500 mg of Ca++-EDTA and 50 mg/kg of glutathione alone or in 1 L of normal saline over the next 24 hours and repeated this over 12 consecutive days. During the first 3 days, the basal levels (only saline administration) were determined; during the second 3 days, Ca++-EDTA only was administered, for the third sequence of 3 days, Ca++-EDTA with glutathione was provided, and for the last 3 days, glutathione alone was given. One month later, the same protocol was repeated. There were six blood and urine samples to analyze in each group. The blood cadmium level was higher when the EDTA was infused together with glutathione (7.44 ± 0.73 µg/L, p < 0.01) compared to the basal level of 4.6 ± 0.44 µg/L. Also, the renal cadmium excretion was significantly higher in the EDTA with glutathione group than in the basal group (23.4 ± 15.81 µg/g creatinine vs 89.23 ± 58.52 µg/g creatinine, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the protein/creatinine and β2-microglobulin/creatinine ratio in the urine (p > 0.05) among the groups. Furthermore, microhematuria and proteinuria did not develop over the observation period of 6 months. These results suggest that glutathione administration with EDTA might be an effective treatment modality for patients with cadmium intoxication.

Influence of increased cadmium intake on antioxidative defence system

During the last decades it was proven that many xenobiotics (certain solvents, pesticides, metals and even drugs) induce increased formation of free radicals that cause cell disfunction of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and even cell death. Cadmium, an important source of occupational as well as environmental pollution, has significant role. Numerous investigations indicate that increased cadmium intake induces oxidative modifications of biomolecules. It is unclear whether this effect is direct and/or indirect, due to the influence of cadmium on antioxidative defence system. This paper presents the effect of acute and chronic cadmium intoxication on antioxidative system in order to give more explanation on mechanism of cell damaging effects of this toxic metal. Experimental studies indicate that cadmium induce negative effects on enzyme activity of antioxidative defence system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase), as well as on nonenzymatic components (ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, coenzyme Q, glutathione and metallothionein).