Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Tegakan Berbagai Formasi Hutan di Resort Bama Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur

Baluran National Park is a oldes national park and unique in terms of existing ecosystems. One area that is considered to be of broad condition is Bama Resort. Baluran National Park has various forest formations including mangrove formations, coastal forests, savana forests, seasonal forests, rainforests, and plain forests. This study aims to examine the composition and structure of each forest formation in Baluran National Park in East Java. The number of plant species found in mangrove forest formations were 6 species, 40 species of coastal forest, 37 species of savana forest, 44 species of rain forest, 28 species of lowland forest, and 50 species of seasonal forest formations. The highest density values were in savana forest formation at the seedlings and understorey level of 132445 ind / ha while the density at the tree level was found in the mangrove forest formation of 346 ind / ha. The diversity index of seedlings and understorey species is medium (2 <H '<3) while for other growth rates it is classified as medium and low (0 <H' <3). The value of community similarity between overall forest formations is categorized as low (values below 50%.). Overall header stratification in each formation is in strata c. Key words: Forest Formation, Species Composition, Structure, Baluran National Park

Can fictionalists have faith?

According to non-doxastic theories of propositional faith, belief that p is not necessary for faith that p. Rather, propositional faith merely requires a ‘positive cognitive attitude’. This broad condition, however, can be satisfied by several pragmatic approaches to a domain, including fictionalism. This article shows precisely how fictionalists can have faith given non-doxastic theory, and explains why this is problematic. It then explores one means of separating the two theories, in virtue of the fact that the truth of the propositions in a discourse is of little consequence for fictionalists, whereas their truth matters deeply for the faithful. Although promising, this approach incurs several theoretical costs, hence providing a compelling reason to favour a purely doxastic account of faith.

On Newton’s and Poisson’s Rules of Percussive Dynamics

Newton’s and Poisson ’s rules are widely used in percussive dynamics because they lead to an “all linear” solution. However, they are in general energetically inconsistent in rough collisions. The equivalence between both rules and a broad condition for them to be energetically consistent is presented for single point collisions in multibody systems with perfect constraints. It is fulfilled in collisions described by equations of motion with constant coefficients—sliding in the same direction or no sliding—and in “balanced” collisions—sliding velocity would not change if friction were negligible—Coulomb’s friction and infinite tangential stiffness are assumed at the collision point.