Karate's ambiguity: Traditional martial art or modern combat sport

<div><p>After a radical conversion of the old Okinawan, anti-samurai martial art <em>toti</em> in the 1920s, a new, in effect Japanese modern combat sport, <em>karate</em>, came into being. The very first karate sports contest already took place in 1930. But, at the end of 1950s, karate started to be exported to the Western world as a traditional martial art of Japanese samurai, even if the samurai had not known karate. That then already omnipresent doctrine has allowed no other perception despite the fact that, globally, the prevalent phenomenon in the field has been karate sports contests in bouts and katas. Exposing the concept of karate as a traditional martial art to be an unhistoric, artificial ideological superstructure, this study is based on more than 50 years of accumulated scepticism of the author that has been confirmed through communication with students of various karate styles and the evaluation of several publications and studies. It is hoped that the findings of this basic study will encourage the sports scientific community to favor further research directed to indisputable and unambiguous explanation of karate.</p></div>

Treatment of Trichloroethylene with Photocatalyst-Coated Optical Fiber

In this present study, we investigated the effect of photocatalyzation on the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the aqueous phase by a photocatalyst-coated plastic optical fiber (POF). Two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with low light intensity were used as the light source and TiO2 and ZnO were used as photocatalysts, which were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) was used as the hydroxyl radical probe for kinetic study and for the calculation of hydroxyl radical conversion rate (ROH,UV ). Experimental results show that POF coated with TiO2 exhibited higher degradation efficiency of TCE in basic solution, but POF coated with ZnO performed better in acidic solution. The increase of coating times resulted in the decrease in degradation efficiency of TCE due to increased thickness of the photocatalyst layer. The enhancement of light intensity contributed to the improvement of photocatalytic treatment efficiency. The ROH,UV for TiO2 and ZnO coated POF increased from 2 × 103 to 8 × 103 M s cm2 mJ−1 and from 8 × 102 to 2 × 103 M s cm2 mJ−1, respectively, as the pH increased from 4 to 10.

Poverty and Economic Justice in Pope Francis

This article discusses Pope Francis’s teaching on poverty and economic justice with reference to his Evangelii gaudium and Laudato si’. This teaching is developed through three emphases of the pope: (1) a compassionate church, moved by the suffering and injustice in the world; (2) a church whose mission is to accompany humanity with the leaven of the Gospel in order to bring about a radical conversion of hearts and worldly systems and institutions; and (3) a transformative missional praxis that brings about integral salvation through solidarity with the poor and marginalized, and a prophetic commitment to human and cosmic flourishing.

SURAT YAKOBUS KEPADA MUSYAWARAH PARIPURNA IAMS DI SEOUL

In his classic study of mission, David Bosch (1991) outlined three biblical paradigms of mission from Matthew, Luke and Paul. In this essay, the author proposes a further paradigm drawn from the Letter of James. James is viewed as a circular written for Jewish-Christian migrant communities to encourage them towards a mission ad intra and intra gentes. James makes six calls to radical conversion: he strenghtens the readers’ hope as they struggle against overwhelming odds, he then calls for conversion against greed and against ambition and power struggles, exhorting them not to be seduced by the values of society, and so leave behind their friendship with the world; he finally calls for faithcoherence. The essay concludes with four applications of the “James Paradigm” for the renewal of mission witness among Christians today. <b>Keywords:</b> Epistle of James, the paradigm of an internal mission,repentance, characterististics of James’ mission, consistent faith ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Surat Yakobus kepada Musyawarah Paripurna IAMS di Seoul. David J.Bosch, dalam buku klasiknya Transformasi Misi Kristen, menganalisis tiga sumber Alkitab dalam Perjanjian Baru (Matius, Lukas, dan Paulus) guna merumuskan tiga paradigma misioner yang berasal dari ketiganya. Di dalam esai ini penulis menampilkan paradigma Surat Yakobus. Yakobus menyajikan segi-segi yang tidak tampak dalam ketiga paradigma di atas, yang dianggap relevan dengan situasi kita saat ini. Artikel menyimpulkan empat aplikasi pandangan Yakobus dalam rangka pembaruan kesaksian misi Kristen dewasa ini. <b>Kata-kata kunci:</b> Surat Rasul Yakobus, paradigma misi internal,pertobatan, ciri-ciri misi Yakobus, iman konsisten

Sunlight-promoted cyclization versus decarboxylation in the reaction of alkynoates with N-iodosuccinimide: easy access to 3-iodocoumarins

We report the green, sunlight-initiated radical conversion of aryl alkynoates to 3-iodocoumarins using NIS without the use of a catalyst or additive. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through iodination, spirocyclization and ring expansion to form the kinetic product.

Free-radical conversion of a lignin model compound catalyzed by Pd/C

Benzyl phenyl ether can be decomposed into phenol and toluene effectively by using Pd/C as the catalyst in the presence of sodium carbonate and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone via a free-radical reaction pathway.