Crime, Protection, and Compassion

Chapter 4 sets out a theory for treatment of criminals that rejects the retributive justification for punishment, does not fall afoul of a plausible prohibition on using people merely as means, and can actually work in the real world. The proposal is largely justified as special deterrence by the right to self-defense and defense of others. This account features a quarantine analogy for a justification of the incapacitation of criminals, for example by preventative detention or monitoring, together with provisions for rehabilitation and reintegration. It also features a justification for penalties designed to secure effective general deterrence, measures that cannot be justified as special deterrence by the self-defense right. Here consequentialist considerations and duties of compensation have a justificatory role.

Quantitative evaluation of water content in frozen chicken cuts

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">The industrial cooling of poultry carcasses is commonly performed by immersion in cold water (chillers). This step results in a water absorption by the carcasses, and in Brazil the average quantity absorbed is governed by regulation. The fraud occurrence by excessive absorption as a result of this immersion has been the subject of a special deterrence program of Brazilian governments, which includes the analysis of samples collected in the industries and markets. The aim of this study was to quantify the amounts of water absorbed in frozen chicken cuts collected in an industry of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. From June 2011 to June 2012, thirty (30) samples were analyzed according to Brazilian Official Method of Normative Instruction n&deg; 08.&nbsp; The parameters analyzed were moisture (%), protein content (%), and the ratio moisture/protein (M/P). The content of absorbed water was in agreement with the Brazilian law (IN n&deg; 32), suggesting no economic fraud to consumer. The results also showed that in the industry where the study was conducted, the cooling process was controlled accordingly. This step involves a complex and simultaneous heat and mass transfer, which must be carefully adjusted to ensure the quality of final product.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.72</p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

The Needs and Potential for Cooperation between Human Factors Specialists and Lawyers in Research and Development of Automobile Accident Law

The goals of automobile accident law are described. They are prevention, interdiction, special deterrence, general deterrence, correction and restoration. For each goal, the need and potential for cooperative research by lawyers and human factors specialists are suggested.