THe possibilities of the criminal code and criminal policy in overcoming the economic crisis

It is stipulated that the possibilities of the criminal law in overcoming the economic crisis are limited, which is caused by the branch specificity of its subjects, the methods, tasks and functions. Determines the possibility of increasing the capacity of the criminal law to overcome the economic crisis. We analyze one of the areas of cooperation between the economy and legal policy - law-making in the field of criminal policy in the context of limited budget resources. On the basis of modern approaches to the financial and eco- nomic feasibility «anti-crime» bills it concludes that currently exists deliberate incompleteness of calculating the budget allocations for the implementation of inter-related components of the criminal policy, offered solutions to the identified problems.

Gant Development SA – The Effectiveness of Bankruptcy Prediction Models in Case of Sudden Bankruptcy. Case Study

Company bankruptcies are an inseparable element of market economy. We may observe the tendency to view bankruptcy as a problem of weak and usually small entities facing problems when trying to meet the challenge posed by strong competition. Big companies, however, also fall, and their bankruptcy cannot be predicted by even the most experienced analysts. The aim of the article is to examine the effectiveness of the bankruptcy prediction models in case of sudden bankruptcies, on the example of Gant Development S.A. The author attempts to classify the real estate developer’s bankruptcy as “staged” bankruptcy by performing an analysis of company activities in the period of 2010-2013. The study was conducted using Polish models of linear discriminant analysis, widely popular in the Polish literature as well as the models which reflect the branch specificity of the examined entity.

Escherichia coli β-galactosidase unexpectedly cleaves the hexasaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6)Galβ1-4GlcNAc without branch specificity

The branch specificity of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) was studied by analyzing the cleavage of the branched hexasaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6)[14C(U)]Galβ1-4GlcNAc (1). This hexasaccharide was cleaved to pentasaccharides Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)[14C(U)]Galβ1-4GlcNAc (3) and GlcNAcβ1-3(Gal-β1-4GlcNAcβ1-6)[14C(U)]Galβ1-4GlcNAc (4) without any appreciable branch specificity. Even the further conversions of the pentasaccharides 3 and 4 into the tetrasaccharide GlcNAcβ1-3(GlcNAcβ1-6)[14C(U)]Galβ1-4GlcNAc seemed to proceed at similar rates, without any appreciable branch specificity. In marked contrast to the hexasaccharide 1, the pentasaccharide Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6)[14C(U)]Gal (2), missing the reducing end GlcNAc, is known to be cleaved selectively at the 6-branch; this finding was confirmed in the present study. The different behaviour of hexasaccharide 1 and pentasaccharide 2 reflects differences in the reactivity of their 6-branches; the preferred conformations of these closely related molecules may be quite different.Key words: Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, branch-specific cleavage, random cleavage, oligo-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans, enzymatic in vitro synthesis.

Biosynthetic controls that determine the branching and microheterogeneity of protein-bound oligosaccharides

Detailed studies on the enzyme machinery responsible for the biosynthesis of protein-bound oligosaccharides of the Asn-GlcNAc and Ser(Thr)-GalNAc linkage types have allowed the formulation of some general rules which explain, at least in part, the branching patterns and microheterogeneity of these structures. These rules are discussed under the following headings: (i) competition of two or more enzymes for a common substrate; (ii) controls at the level of enzyme substrate specificity (e.g., critical sugar residues which turn enzyme activity on or off, branch specificity, and the role of the polypeptide in the glycoprotein substrate); (iii) substrate availability.