Simulation of Transient Heat Transfer of Sandwich Pipes With Active Electrical Heating

This paper presents an analysis of transient heat transfer in sandwich pipelines with active electrical heating. The mathematical models governing the heat conduction in the composite pipeline and the energy transport in the produced fluid were solved by using finite difference methods. Numerical results of computational simulation of cool-down for three sandwich pipeline configurations under typical production conditions were presented. The analysis showed that the sandwich pipe with active heating is a viable solution to meet severe flow assurance requirements of ultra-deepwater oil production even under unplanned and prolonged cool-down conditions.

Trichothecenes: Occurrence and Toxicoses

The Δ9-12,13-epoxy-trichothecenes are a group of 37 naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids produced by species of Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, and Cephalosporium. They are responsible for a variety of mycotoxicoses in man and animals that may be manifested by severe dermatitis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, decreased weight gains, extensive hemorrhaging, and death. Outbreaks, which have occurred in Russia, Europe, the United States, Japan, and Korea, usually result after cereal grains in the field have been exposed to prolonged cool and wet weather. Hence, these mycotoxicoses do not appear to be a problem of faulty grain storage, since they involve field fungi primarily rather than storage molds.