Investigation of the chemical composition of ash dense fractions of low-alumina coal to substantiate the choice of charge components for coking

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the structural content of coal fractions, which differ in density. The main attention is paid to the study of the chemical composition of ash dense fractions of weakly burned coal. This will extend the idea of coal ash. The publication presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of low-alumina coal, which was used to calculate the ash index of the main samples, which in turn allowed us to calculate a preliminary estimate of coke on the CRI reactivity and coke strength after the CSR reaction. From the presented results it turns out that the fraction with a density <1.25 g/cm3 and> 1.3 g/cm3 have the worst technological characteristics. Keywords: density fractions, basicity index, coal, ash, chemical composition, acidic oxides, reactivity.

The Study of Specific Materials Used by the Copper Wiring CMP of GLSI

In this paper, the multi-hydroxyl polyamines researched by ourselves are used in the slurry of the copper wiring CMP of GLSI, which makes the slurry alkalization. It also has the using as a pH adjusting agent, complexion agent of copper ion, multi- metal chelating agents, aminating agent of acidic oxides, pH buffer, stainless steel corrosion inhibitor, the active agent and pro-oxidant. It improves the property of slurry and solves many different of acidity slurry. The alkalinity slurry contained the multi-hydroxyl polyamines is environmental, inexpensive and composition- simplified. Without the toxic BTA which is must be used in the international and has side effect, the slurry can achieve the high speed and high flat. In the same time the low pressure and the little abrasive can be realized, which provide the new material for the removal of TSV copper film.

The Application of New Reagent in the Copper Wiring CMP

At present there are many challenges in the acidity slurry used widely. And the toxic BTA with side effect must be used in the international. So the component of slurry must be improved. The new reagent is studied. It makes the slurry alkalization. It also has the using as a pH adjusting agent, complexion agent of copper ion, multi- metal chelating agents, aminating agent of acidic oxides, pH buffer, stainless steel corrosion inhibitor, the active agent and pro-oxidant. It improves the property of slurry and solves many different of acidity slurry. The alkalinity slurry contained the multi-hydroxyl polyamines is environmental、inexpensive and composition- simplified. The slurry with it can achieve the high speed and high flat. In the same time the low pressure and the little abrasive can be realized, which provide the new material for the removal of copper film.

Critical loads for soils and freshwaters; a comparison methods at the Plynlimon catchments

International agreements aimed at reducing sulphur deposition from the atmosphere are now focused on the "critical loads" concept. This provides a distributed link between sources and receptors of acidic oxides and also links the level of reduction with biological recovery. Methods for calculating critical loads include simple classification (Level 0), mass-balance equilibrium models (Level 1) and dynamic hydrochemical models (Level 2). Here, examples of each method are applied to headwater catchments in Plynlimon, mid-Wales. The critical loads derived are compared and the utility of the critical loads concept as a tool for local pollution control and land management is assessed. Differences in critical load methods for soils result from assumptions regarding biological receptors. Surface water critical loads are generally similar under all methods. As a local management tool, the dynamic model is most appropriate although it has a high data requirement. The utility of other methods depends upon detailed maps of soil and vegetation being available at an appropriate scale.