Assessments of Solar, Thermal and Net Irradiance from Simple Solar Geometry and Routine Meteorological Measurements in the Pannonian Basin

In this paper, we discussed several different procedures for calculating irradiation from routine weather measurements and observations. There are between four and eight frequently used parameterizations of radiation balance components in meteorological preprocessors, and we investigated them. First of all, the estimated and measured solar and net irradiance were compared. Afterwards, the estimated and measured longwave irradiance were investigated. Then, we recalculated the net irradiance from the sum of global solar irradiance, longwave downwelling irradiance, reflect solar irradiance and upwelling longwave irradiance. Statistical estimates of the described methods were also recalculated compared with each shortwave and longwave radiation budget component measured separately with WMO first-class radiation instruments (Kipp&Zonen CMP6 and CMP11 and CGR3 and CGR4) in the Agrometeorological Observatory Debrecen, Hungary during one-year time period. Finally, we compared the calculated and measured values for longer periods (2008–2010 and 2008–2017) through statistical errors. The suggested parameterizations of the net radiation based on the separately parameterized all radiation balance components were: Foken’s calculation for clear sky solar global irradiance, Beljaars and Bosveld parameterization for albedo, Dilley and O’Brien methodology for the clear sky incoming longwave (LW) irradiance and Holstlag and Van Ulden cloudiness correction for all sky incoming LW and for the LW outgoing irradiance.

THE EFFECTS OF PARTY IDEOLOGY ON PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY SPENDING IN FORMER SOCIALIST COUNTRIES

The study is designed to empirically test the effects which different ruling party ideologies have on spending for public order and safety budget component in Central and Eastern European countries. The transitional environment and especially post-Cold War security context have altered the concept of security in former socialist societies. Our assumption, based not just on theoretical concepts of left and right ideologies, but also on studies examining this matter in more developed Western democracies, was that right-leaning cabinets will have higher levels of budget consumption for law and order than leftist governments. The empirical model confirmed this hypothesis, albeit only partially. A number of other political, economic, and contextual variables connected with transitional setting, which usually have effect on general levels of spending or certain budget areas, have demonstrated a low significance when comes to law and order spending.

Methodology for assessing the budgetary security of regional infrastructure provision (case study of the Komi Republic)

The aim of the study is to analyze methodological approaches to assessing the budget component of financial and budgetary security and to develop a methodology for assessing the budgetary security of a region on their basis. In the process of research, statistical and mathematical methods were used, a comparison method, an indicative method, analysis and synthesis methods. A brief description of the main approaches and methods for assessing the regional budget security is given, and the most significant indicators are selected that allow diagnosing threats to the budget component of the regional financial and budget security. The article presents the author’s methodology for assessing the budget component of the financial and budgetary security of the region, a set of indicators and threshold values for its implementation is formed. The proposed methodology has been tested on the example of the analysis of budget security indicators of the Komi Republic.