Hepatoprotective and Curative Activities of Daphne gnidium L. Aqueous Extract Against CCl4-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Background:: Liver is one of the largest organs of the human body and the main site for intense metabolism and excretion. Liver injury or dysfunction is recognized as a serious worldwide health problem. Daphne gnidium L., medicinal plant widely distributed in Algeria and used by populations in traditional medicine in the treatment of hepatitis and other diseases. Objective:: Protective and curative effects of aqueous extract of Daphne gnidium L. leaves were investigated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats (Wistar Albino). Method:: This study was conducted on 32 Albino rats, which were divided into four groups; the first served as control. Group II animals were treated intraperitoneally with CCl4 solution (3ml/kg). Group III animals were treated intraperitoneally with CCl4 solutions (3ml/kg) in the first day, and given aqueous Daphne extract orally at a dose level of (300 mg/kg) daily for 7 days (curative activity test). Animals of group IV were orally administered aqueous Daphne extract at a dose level of (300 mg/kg) daily, and on the seventh day treated intraperitoneally with CCl4 solution (3ml/kg) 3 hours after the latest extract administration (preventive activity test). Results:: Our results show that CCl4 significantly increases the relative liver weight, serum values of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and Total bilirubin, as well as the hepatic rate of oxidative stress parameters; MDA, CAT activities, and significantly decreases hepatic GSH levels compared to the control group. These results were confirmed by liver lesions observed in histological analyses. Pre-treatment and curative treatment of dose 300 mg / kg of aqueous Daphne gnidium L. extract significantly reduced relative weight, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and Total bilirubin liver rate, CAT activity and increases GSH level. In addition, normal liver architecture has been restored. Conclusion:: The present study demonstrates the hepatoprotective and curative effects of aqueous extract Daphne gnidium leaves against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats by improving the antioxidant status in tissues (liver) and ameliorating the harmful effects induced by CCl4.

PENGARUH PEMANASAN KERNEL UO2 DALAM MEDIUM GAS ARGON TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS KERNEL UO2 SINTER

PENGARUH PEMANASAN KERNEL UO2 DALAM MEDIUM GAS ARGON TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS KERNEL UO2 SINTER. Pengaruh pemanasan kernel UO2 dalam medium gas argon terhadap sifat fisis kernel UO2 sinter telah dipelajari. Pemanasan dilakukan dalam reaktor sinter tipe bed. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh sifat fisis kernel UO2 sinter sesuai dengan persyaratan penggunaan sebagai bahan bakar nuklir. Sampel yang digunakan adalah kernel UO2 hasil reduksi pada 800 oC selama 3 jam yang mempunyai densitas sebesar 8,13 g/cm3; porositas sebesar 0,26; rasio O/U sebesar 2,05; diameter sebesar 1146 µm dan kebulatan sebesar 1,05. Sampel dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor sinter, lalu divakumkan untuk mengusir udara dan pengotor dalam reaktor. Setelah itu dialirkan air pendingin dan gas argon pada tekanan 5 mPa dengan kecepatan 1,5 liter/menit secara kontinyu. Temperatur reaktor dinaikkan dengan variasi pada 1200 – 1500 oC dan waktu divariasi selama 1 – 4 jam. Kernel UO2 sinter yang dihasilkan, dianalisis sifat fisisnya meliputi densitas, porositas, diameter, kebulatan dan luas muka spesifik. Densitas dianalisis menggunakan piknometer dengan larutan CCl4, porositas ditentukan menggunakan persamaan Haynes. Diameter dan kebulatan diamati menggunakan mikroskop Dino-lite. Luas muka spesifik ditentukan menggunakan surface area meter Nova-1000. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pemanasan kernel UO2 dalam medium gas argon perpengaruh terhadap sifat fisis kernel UO2 sinter. Sifat fisis kernel UO2relatif baik diperoleh pada temperatur pemanasan 1400 oC selama 2 jam dan dihasilkan kernel UO2 sinter dengan densitas sebesar 10,14 g/mL, porositas sebesar 7 %, diameter sebesar 893 µm, kebulatan sebesar 1,07 µm, luas muka spesifik sebesar 4,68 m2/g dan penyusutan padatan sebesar 22,08 %. Besaran sifat fisis ini hampir sama dengan sifat fisis kernel UO2 yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar nuklir.Kata kunci: Kernel UO2, pemanasan, sifat fisis, densitas, porositas, luas muka spesifik dan kebulatan. THE HEATING OF UO2 KERNELS IN ARGON GAS MEDIUM ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SINTERED UO2 KERNELS. The heating of UO2 kernels in argon gas medium on the physical properties of sinter UO2 kernels was conducted. The heated of the UO2 kernels was conducted in a sinter reactor of a bed type. The sample used was the UO2 kernels resulted from the reduction results at 800 oC temperature for 3 hours that had the density of 8.13 g/cm3; porocity of 0.26; O/U ratio of 2.05; diameter of 1146 µm and sphericity of 1.05. The sample was put into a sinter reactor, then it was vacumed by flowing the argon gas at 180 mmHg pressure to drain the air from the reactor. After that, the cooling water and argon gas were continuously flowed with the pressure of 5 mPa with 1.5 liter/minutes velocity. The reactor temperature was increased and variated at 1200-1500 oC temperature and for 1-4 hours. The sinters UO2 kernels resulted from the study were analyzed in term of their physical properties including the density, porosity, diameter, sphericity, and specific surface area. The density was analyzed using pycnometer with CCl4 solution. The porosity was determined using Haynes equation. The diameters and sphericity were showed using the Dino-lite microscope. The specific surface area was determined using surface area meter Nova-1000. The obtained products showed tha the heating of UO2 kernel in argon gas medium were influenced on the physical properties of sinters UO2 kernel. The condition of best relatively at 1400 oC temperature and 2 hours time. The product resulted from the study was relatively at its best when heating was conducted at 1400 oC temperature and 2 hours time, produced sinters UO2 kernel with density of 10.14 gr/ml; porosity of 7 %; diameters of 893 µm; sphericity of 1.07 and specific surface area of 4.68 m2/g with solidify shrinkage of 22 %.Keywords: UO2 kernel, heating, physical properties, density, porosity, specific surface area and sphericity.