Behavioural Side Effects of Methyl Phenidate and Atomoxetine

Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood behavioral disorders diagnosed in the psychiatry outdoor setting, affecting 5-7% of school - aged children[1]. It is a neuro - developmental disorder that runs a chronic course and causes significant impairments across various domains of day to day functioning. The symptoms of ADHD are divided into two predominant categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Inattention is divided intwo subtypes i.e. focused and sustained/ Executive dysfunction.

Preparation and structural analysis of (±)-threo-ritalinic acid

Hydrolysis of the methyl ester (±)-threo-methyl phenidate afforded the free acid in 40% yield,viz.(±)-threo-ritalinic acid, C13H17NO2. Hydrolysis and subsequent crystallization were accomplished at pH values between 5 and 7 to yield colourless prisms which were analysed by X-ray crystallography. Crystals of (±)-threo-ritalinic acid belong to theP21/nspace group and form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. An antiperiplanar disposition of the H atoms of the (HOOC—)CH—CHpygroup (py is pyridine) was found in both the solid (diffraction analysis) and solution state (NMR analysis). It was also determined that (±)-threo-ritalinic acid conforms to the minimization of negativegauche+–gauche−interactions.

Effect of Co Morbid Psychiatric Disorders on Response to Methyl-Phenidate in ADHD Children

Introduction:Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is relatively common in children and has many co morbidities. Some studies have shown that co morbidities especially anxiety disorders may affect the response to stimulant medication. The object of this study was to investigate the relation of children's response to methyl-phenidate with their co morbid psychiatric disorders.Method:The sample included fifty 6 to 12 years old children with ADHD referred to Dr.Sheikh clinic of child psychiatry in Mashhad (north-east of Iran). The diagnoses were made by a child psychiatrist based on the DSM-IV -TR criteria, using clinical interview and K-SADS. ADHD children received methyl-phenidate for 4 weeks. ADHD- rating scales were completed by mothers and teachers of children before the treatment and after 4 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS -16 and statistical tests including chi-square and t-test.Results:The mean age of ADHD children was 8.7 years old. Most of the patients (74%) were boys. In 32 patients (64%) at least one co morbid psychiatric disorder was found. Anxiety disorders were the most common co morbidity of ADHD (in 56% of patients). Co morbid disorders did not have a significant affect on response to medication in ADHD children (P>0.05).Conclusion:In the present study disruptive behavior and anxiety disorders were the most common co morbidities in ADHD children. Presence of co morbid disorders including anxiety disorders did not change the response to methyl -phenidate.