Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

ANALISIS SUSUT BOBOT PENGUKUSAN DAN RENDEMEN PENGUPASAN RAJUNGAN BERUKURAN BERBEDA DAN RAJUNGAN BERTELUR Analysis of Weight Lost due to Streaming and Skinning of Crabs with Different Size and Eggs Laying

ABSTRAK Industri pengalengan rajungan pasturisasi melalui beberapa tahap utama yaitu pengukusan, pengupasan dan pengalengan. Rajungan yang dikukus akan mengalami susut bobot dan ketikan dikupas menghasilkan rendemen daging dalam jumlah dan komposisi tertentu. Penelitian untuk mengetahui susut bobot selama pengukusan rajungan, rendemen, dan komposisi jenis daging serta proses pengupasan pada rajungan yang berbeda ukuran dan rajungan bertelur. Rajungan berukuran kecil (lebar karapas <10 cm); rajungan besar (lebar karapas >10 cm) dan rajungan bertelur dikukus selama 30 menit pada suhu 80-90 oC, didiamkan 60 menit sampai suhunya menyesuaikan ruang, dikupas dan dipisahkan daging jumbo, reguler dan claw meat. Diperoleh susut selama dikukus sebesar 19,3%, susut pendinginan 15,9%, dan susut total 32,2%. Rerata rendemen pengupasan 37,6%, terdiri dari : daging jumbo (21,5%); daging regular (51,9%) dan daging claw meat (29,4%). Rendemen rajungan besar 42,1% jumbo 31,5%; regular 34,3%; dan claw meat 34,2%. Sedangkan rajungan bertelur rendemen daging 30,7% terdiri dari jumbo 22,4%; regular 25,8%; claw meat 15,2%. telur 36,7%. Pengukusan mengakibatkan penyusutan bobot pada rajungan utuh. Rajungan jantan mengalami penyusutan yang lebih tinggi dari rajungan betina yang tidak bertelur.Ukuran rajungan tidak mempengaruhi besarnya penyusutan. Rendemen daging rajungan besar paling tinggi dibandingkan rajungan kecil dan rajungan bertelur. Daging jumbo dihasilkan dan memiliki nilai harga paling tinggi pada rajungan besar. Kata kunci: susut bobot, rajungan, daging rajungan, rendemen, jumbo, reguler, claw meat ABSTRACT Pasteurized crab canning industry through several major stages, namely steaming, peeling and canning. Steamed food ingredients will experience on weight loss which result in the meat yield in the amount and specific composition. The research was aimed to obtain the weight loss during steaming crab, meat yield and species composition of the process of peeling the crabs, on different sizes and crab spawn. Small crabs (carapace width <10cm); big crab (carapace width > 10cm) and crab spawn steamed for 30 minutes at a temperature of 80-90oC, cooled for 60 minutes according to the room temperature, peeled and separated of meat jumbo, regular and claw meat. The result showed the first shrinkage obtained during steamed at 19.3%, the shrinkage cooling 15.9% and the total shrinkage at 32.2%. The average of peeling yield of 37.6%, compositing by jumbo meat (21.5%), regular meat (51.9%) and claw meat (29.4%). The yield of jumbo meat 31.5% ; regular 34,3%; and claw meat 34.2%. While spawn crab meat yield of 30.7% consisted of jumbo 22.4%; Regular 25.8%; claw meat 15.2% and eggs around 36.7%. Steaming resulted in depreciation weights on Rajungan intact. Crab males experienced higher depreciation compare to crab females which do not have eggs inside. Crab size does not affect the amount of depreciation. The yield of big crab meat was highest than small crabs and crab spawn. Jumbo meat is produced and has the highest price on the value of big crabs Keywords: losing weight, crabs, meat of crabs, yield decreased, jumbo meat, regular, claw meat

Phase maintenance in a rhythmic motor pattern during temperature changes in vivo

Central-pattern-generating neural circuits function reliably throughout an animal's life, despite constant molecular turnover and environmental perturbations. Fluctuations in temperature pose a problem to the nervous systems of poikilotherms because their body temperature follows the ambient temperature, thus affecting the temperature-dependent dynamics of various subcellular components that constitute neuronal circuits. In the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, the pyloric circuit produces a triphasic rhythm comprising the output of the pyloric dilator, lateral pyloric, and pyloric constrictor neurons. In vitro, the phase relationships of these neurons are maintained over a fourfold change in pyloric frequency as temperature increases from 7°C to 23°C. To determine whether these temperature effects are also found in intact crabs, in the presence of sensory feedback and neuromodulator-rich environments, we measured the temperature dependence of the pyloric frequency and phases in vivo by implanting extracellular electrodes into Cancer borealis and Cancer pagurus and shifting tank water temperature from 11°C to 26°C. Pyloric frequency in the intact crab increased significantly with temperature (Q10 = 2–2.5), while pyloric phases were generally conserved. For a subset of the C. borealis experiments, animals were subsequently dissected and the stomatogastric ganglion subjected to a similar temperature ramp in vitro. We found that the maximal frequency attained at high temperatures in vivo is lower than it is under in vitro conditions. Our results demonstrate that, over a wide temperature range, the phases of the pyloric rhythm in vivo are generally preserved, but that the frequency range is more restricted than it is in vitro.

On the Mode of Action of Methionine Enkephalin, FK 33-824 and Naloxone in Regulating the Hemolymph Glucose Level in the Fresh Water Field Crab Oziotelphusa senex senex

The possible involvement of opioid system in the regulation of hemolymph glucose level in the fresh water crab Oziotelphusa senex senex Fabricius, was investigated. Opioid agonist and antagonist was also used in addition to methionine-enkephalin itself. Injection of the opioid, methionine-enkephalin and FK 33-824 significantly elevated hemolymph glucose level. In contrast, injection of naloxone in to crab resulted in decrease in hemolymph glucose level. Injection of naloxone prior to injection of methionine-enkephalin blocked the hyperglycemic action of methionine-enkephalin. Injection of methionine-enkephalin, FK 33824 and naloxone produced no significant effect on hemolymph glucose level in eyestalk-less crab. The alterations in the intact crab hemolymph glucose level hypothesised to be due to stimulation of release of hyperglycemic hormone during methionine-enkephalin and FK 33824 treatment and blocking of release of hyperglycemic hormone during naloxone treatment from the eyestalks of crab Oziotelphusa senex senex

Crab Apple Blossoms as a Model for Research on Biological Control of Fire Blight

Nonseasonal availability of pomaceous flowers could improve laboratory detection and prefield testing of biocontrol agents for fire blight of pear and apple. Crab apple was selected as a model because of its high flower productivity on 1-year-old wood, high susceptibility to fire blight, and availability from nurseries. Cultivars Manchurian and Snowdrift were manipulated to bloom once by transferring dormant nursery trees from a cold room to a greenhouse and a second time by defoliating trees and applying 1% cytokinin and 0.1% gibberellins to the buds with a brush. Different sets of trees were induced at different times to bloom, so that flowers were produced 12 months in the year. When known bacterial antagonists (Erwinia herbicola strain C9-1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506) were applied alone or in combination to the stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms prior to inoculation with the pathogen (E. amylovora strain Ea153), population interactions over time were comparable to those reported in previous studies involving pear or apple. In a subsequent series of experiments, the relative effects of 12 bacterial strains on stigmatic populations of strain Ea153 were similar for detached blossoms of crab apple in the laboratory, blossoms of intact crab apple trees in the greenhouse, and blossoms of pear and apple in the field. Additionally, when stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms were inoculated with antagonists (strains C9-1 and A506) and the pathogen, and later subjected to a 24-h wetting period, bacterial populations in the flower hypanthium increased and disease was suppressed. These studies indicate that crab apple blossoms can serve as a suitable model for year-round evaluation and study of biocontrol agents for fire blight.

Hyperglycemia in Freshwater Field Crab (Oziotelphusa senex senex) Produced by Pesticides

DDT, Dieldrin DDT and Dieldrin produced a significant increase in the hemolymph sugar level of intact crab of Oziotelphusa senex senex apparently by triggering the release of hyperglycemic hormone (HGH).

The Mechanism of Rapid Running in the Ghost Crab, Ocypode Ceratophthalma

1. Ocypode ceratophthalma has a maximum speed of 2.1 m/sec when running on a measured track with a base of hard-packed sand. Speed increases linearly with the width of the carapace up to a certain size, beyond which larger crabs run slower than smaller ones. 2. The crab does not run at these high speeds by making extremely rapid movements as these data seemed to require. The highest frequency of leg movements observed was 20 Hz. 3. Electromyographs of muscles used in running, made from the freely running, intact crab, showed asymmetry in the motoneurone discharges. Extensors and flexors in the meropodites of legs on the leading side frequently showed only a maintained tonus and could not have contributed to the running movements. Those on the trailing side showed alternation synchronous with stepping. 4. It is concluded that the crab mainly pushes itself along rather than using a push-pull combination. 5. Three pairs of legs are commonly used in running. Legs 2 and 4 of one side move together with leg 3 of the opposite side and provide a tripod of support. At the highest speeds only legs 2 and 3 of one side are used to provide thrust alternately. 6. The high speed is achieved by the crab leaping through the air as it steps, thereby increasing the effective length of the steps.