La voce del satiro.

The objective of this article is to highlight the peculiar aspects of the character of the Satyr in Aminta, the pastoral play by Torquato Tasso. The study – that will take into account both traditional use of this mask in the pastoral genre (ancient and modern) and the particular poetic conception of the author – is conducted through the systematic commentary of the Satyr’s monologue (Aminta II, 1), the only time when his voice can be heard and his real and deep intentions can be understood. Beyond the pastoral allegory, the singular theory about love and violence, brought by the words of this contradictory character into the peaceful scene of the drama, appears like a strong invective against the hypocrisies hidden in civil society. L’obiettivo di quest’articolo è mettere in luce gli aspetti peculiari del personaggio del Satiro nella favola pastorale di Torquato Tasso Aminta. Lo studio (che terrà conto sia dell’uso tradizione di questa maschera nel genere pastorale (antico e moderno), sia la particolare concezione poetica dell’autore) è condotto attraverso il commento sistematico del monologo del Satiro (Aminta II, 1), l’unico momento in cui la sua voce può essere ascoltata e le sue reali e profonde intenzioni possono essere comprese. Al di là dell’allegoria pastorale, la singolare teoria sull’amore e la violenza che le parole di questo contradditorio personaggio portano sulla pacifica scena del dramma si mostra come una forte invettiva contro le ipocrisie nascoste nella società civile.

Theoretical Study of Global Scale Analysis Method for Agile Bionic Leg Mechanism

SummaryAgile bionic leg mechanism (ABLM) has attracted more and more attention in the development of jumping robots and high-speed running robots. However, theoretical study of the global structure for motility characteristics and its evolution is few. By using the modern mathematical tools such as singular theory, geometric topology, and group theory, a global scale analysis method for kinematic performance of mechanisms is proposed. Taking 6-bar with two rings mechanism as an example, a detailed analysis process is studied. The 6-bar ABLM designed by this theory is verified by virtual prototype simulation experiment. The global scale analysis of 4-bar linkage is also carried out by using this method, and the result is compared with the “Grashof criterion” to verify the correctness of this method. It provides a general theory and method for innovative design and global scale analysis of ABLM.

Modalidades del mal durante el nacionalsocialismo

Modalities of Evil during National Socialism Resumen: Considerando que los diversos actos y atrocidades perpetrados por el nacionalsocialismo no pueden reducirse a una única teoría, a una única causa o a una única raíz, el presente artículo se propone analizar las diferentes expresiones que el mal adoptó durante el III Reich. Para ello, analizaremos los términos arendtianos de “banalidad del mal” y “mal radical”; presentaremos nuestra propuesta de lo que hemos denominado “espontaneidad del mal”; expondremos el mal que se veían obligados a realizar los prisioneros de los campos de concentración; y, finalmente, atenderemos tanto a la complicidad activa como pasiva por parte del pueblo alemán. Palabras clave: banalidad del mal, complicidad, espontaneidad del mal, mal concentracionario, mal radical. Abstract: Considering that several acts and atrocities perpetrated by National Socialism cannot be reduced to a singular theory, to a singular cause nor to a singular root, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the different expressions that evil adopted in the Third Reich. In order to do that, we will analyse the Arendtian terms “banality of evil” and “radical evil”; we will introduce the term “spontaneity of evil”; we will show the evil that prisoners of concentration camps were forced to perform; and, finally, we will pay as much attention to active as to passive collusion carried out by German people. Keywords: banality of evil, collusion, spontaneity of evil, concentracionary evil, radical evil.

Formulation of singular theories in a partial Hamiltonian formalism using a new bracket and multi-time dynamics

A formulation of singular classical theories (determined by degenerate Lagrangians) without constraints is presented. A partial Hamiltonian formalism in the phase space having an initially arbitrary number of momenta (which can be smaller than the number of velocities) is proposed. The equations of motion become first-order differential equations, and they coincide with those of multi-time dynamics, if a certain condition is imposed. In a singular theory, this condition is fulfilled in the case of the coincidence of the number of generalized momenta with the rank of the Hessian matrix. The noncanonical generalized velocities satisfy a system of linear algebraic equations, which allows an appropriate classification of singular theories (gauge and nongauge). A new antisymmetric bracket (similar to the Poisson bracket) is introduced, which describes the time evolution of physical quantities in a singular theory. The origin of constraints is shown to be a consequence of the (unneeded in our formulation) extension of the phase space, when the new bracket transforms into the Dirac bracket. Quantization is briefly discussed.

SYMMETRIES AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS IN GENERAL GAUGE THEORY

The aim of the present paper is to describe the symmetry structure of a general gauge (singular) theory, and, in particular, to relate the structure of gauge transformations with the constraint structure of a theory in the Hamiltonian formulation. We demonstrate that the symmetry structure of a theory action can be completely revealed by solving the so-called symmetry equation. We develop a corresponding constructive procedure of solving the symmetry equation with the help of a special orthogonal basis for the constraints. Thus, we succeed in describing all the gauge transformations of a given action. We find the gauge charge as a decomposition in the orthogonal constraint basis. Thus, we establish a relation between the constraint structure of a theory and the structure of its gauge transformations. In particular, we demonstrate that, in the general case, the gauge charge cannot be constructed with the help of some complete set of first-class constraints alone, because the charge decomposition also contains second-class constraints. The above-mentioned procedure of solving the symmetry equation allows us to describe the structure of an arbitrary symmetry for a general singular action. Finally, using the revealed structure of an arbitrary gauge symmetry, we give a rigorous proof of the equivalence of two definitions of physicality condition in gauge theories: one of them states that physical functions are gauge-invariant on the extremals, and the other requires that physical functions commute with FCC (the Dirac conjecture).