Influence of Solvents on the Oxidation Kinetics of Aldehydic Group Compounds by Diethylammonium Chloro-chromate

The redox studies of some compounds containing aldehydic functional groups by diethyl ammonium chloro-chromate (DEACC) in dimethyl sulfoxide leading a product forming to acid of correspondimg order. Reactions are found to be in unit order with oxidant while a fractional order (less than unity) was found w.r.t. reductants. The redox reactions are influenced with acid, the acid dependence is governed by this equation: kobs = a + b[H+].. When isomeric form of aldehyde, that is Me-CDO is oxidised with the same oxidant it was observed a considerable K.I.E. (Deuterium effect; kH/kD = 05.69 at 298 K). The reaction of Acetaldehyde was done in various non aqueous medium, soluble or miscible in DMSO. The effect of solvent is studied fitting our data in the solvent model of Taft's and Swain's applied for this purpose.. Rate constants are correlating very well with already reported Taft’s values of *; further the reaction constants are negative in nature. Suitable mechanism involving are proposed with transfer of hydride ion..

Production of Electricity and Improved Conversion Efficiency By Using Ionic Liquid in Photogalvanic Cell

Surfactant were widely applied in photogalvanic cells (PGC), and a limited number of studies have reported to used ionic liquid (IL), although it has more advantages than the conventional surfactants due to their specific chemical and physical properties such as the high electrolytic properties, the strong hydrophobic interactions between Cnmim+ and hydrophobic portion of other surfactant and co-surfactant behavior. In this work, Synthesis of IL Diethyl ammonium tetrachloro ferrate (DATF) was done through two step method. The composition of the produced IL was investigated by FTIR and 1HNMR spectra techniques. IL was known as a salt in the liquid state or a salt with melting point below the boiling point of water. PGC can be described as an electrochemical cell, where the change in both voltage and current results from photochemically generated changes in the proportional concentrations of the reactants during the oxidation-reduction reaction in the cell. The present study has shown electrical cell performance of the PGC as PPP 96.2μW, iSC 370 μA, VOC 650 mV, η 1.9 %, and t0.5 105 minutes, for PGC system containing Tris (2,2'-bipyrdyl) Ruthenium (II) chloride hexahydrate (TBRC) as photosensitize, Oxalic acid (OX) as reductant and (DATF) as IL under artificial and low illumination intensities, this system not yet reported in the literature. The study of variation of the different cell parameters has shown optimum cell performance at an optimal value of these cell fabrication parameters, and a preliminary mechanism for the production of energy in PGC was also proposed.

Antifungal Activity of β-Pinene-Based Hydronopyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

β-Pinene can be used as a cheap source to synthesize a large number of high value-added derivatives. In this study, a series of β-pinene derivatives was prepared, and the antifungal activities of the compounds were assessed against phytopathogenic fungi. Eight N-alkyl hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide salts were synthesized by the reaction of hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide with 8 halogenated alkanes. The structures of the synthesized products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antifungal activities of these derivatives were tested against 11 plant pathogens, and the preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. Some derivatives exhibited moderate to significant antifungal activity due to the fusion of the hydronopyl, a long-chain alkyl, bromine, and iodine anionic groups. In contrast to the structure-activity relationship of compounds 2a, 2b, and 2c, iodine ions in 2f, 2g, and 2f had a significant effect on enhancing the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, S clerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora capsici, Phomopsis, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Glomerella cingulata, and Fusicoccum aesculi. A higher molecular weight could increase the antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria kikuchiana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, P. capsici, Phomopsis, and S. sapinea. Compounds 2d and 2e exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the tested strains. These derivatives are expected to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticide development in further research.

Multicomponent green synthesis, spectroscopic and structural investigation of multi-substituted imidazoles. Part 1

Ten 1,2,4,5-tetra-substituted imidazole derivatives have been synthesized with a 2-hydroxyethy substituent at the 1-nitrogen atom and potentially electron releasing hydroxy-, methoxy-, dimethylamino- or nitro substituents in various positions on the benzene ring located on the 2-carbon atom. The prototypical derivative with an unsubstituted phenyl ring at the 2-position is also reported. The compounds are obtained in excellent yields (average 86%) via a four-component cyclocondensation reaction of benzil, ethanolamine, and the appropriate aromatic carbaldehyde together with ammonium acetate. The reaction uses a novel ionic liquid catalyst, DEAHS (diethyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate), under solvent-free conditions and a green synthetic protocol. The key advantages of this process are high yield, shorter reaction times and ease of work-up. Furthermore, the products can be purified by a non-chromatographic method and the catalyst is re-usable. All of these newly synthesized compounds have been characterized from spectral data; the X-ray structures of three representative molecules are also detailed.