Morphogenesis of Anthers Isolated From Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L.) In Vitro

This study aimed to optimize the steps of obtaining regenerated cabbage plants by direct embryogenesis from isolated anthers and ovaries. Stepwise pretreatment of inflorescences was usedfor the studied hybrids and inbred lines. First, the inflorescences were placed in water and kept at a temperature of +4-6∘C for one day without the use of biologically active substances. Then the inflorescences were placed in a solution of the drug Dropp (10 mg/l) and cultivated for two days. After that, the anthers and ovaries were isolated from the flower buds and cultured on the MS culture medium at a temperature of + 32∘C for one day. The cultivation of the isolated explants on a nutrient medium (containing 0.01 mg/lof Dropp, 1.0 mg/lof NAA, 500 mg/lof asparagine, 100 mg/l of tyrosine, and 10 g/l of sucrose)led to an increase in their morphogenetic potential in the culture of anthers and ovaries (by 3.42% and 5.54%, respectively).A cytological method was usedto demonstrate the haploid nature of the regenerating plants. The number of chromosomes in the root meristem andleaves, and the chloroplasts in the closing cells of the stomatawere calculated. Keywords: cabbage, culture in vitro, regenerated plants, anthers, ovaries, reproductive organs

Liquid technology in the cytological diagnosis of bladder pathology

Objective. To study the effectiveness of liquid cytological diagnosis of bladder cancer and its local relapses using the Cellprep Plus technology as an example.Materials and methods. We analyzed outpatient records of patients with urothelial pathology (n = 806) who underwent a urine cytology exam by the methods of liquid (n = 383) and conventional (n = 423) cytology.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the cytological examination method for diagnosing urothelial carcinoma using the method of liquid cytology have been found to be 93.4 % and 95.4 % respectively, which significantly exceeds the similar indices in the use of the method of conventional cytology – 42.4 % and 93.6 % respectively. The use of the method of liquid cytology considerably increases the accuracy of the cytological examination of bladder pathology and allows obtaining conclusions that coincide with the histological conclusion in 94.0 % of cases. In the use of the method of conventional cytology, the coincidence with histological findings is only 44.6 % (χ2 = 25.08, p < 0.001).Conclusion. The Cellprep Plus liquid technology standardizes the pre-analytical stage and increases the efficiency of the cytological method in the primary diagnosis and monitoring of patients with urothelial pathology. A promising direction of using the method of liquid cytology in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma is the development and implementation of the cytological criteria of differential diagnosis between reactive cell atypia and atypia characteristic of a malignant tumor.

Features of differential cytological diagnosis of primary and metastatic liver carcinoma

The aim of the work was to assess the possibility of the cytological method in the diagnosis of epithelial liver tumors and to determine the cytomorphological criteria in the differential diagnosis of liver carcinomas. The authors analyzed the data of 106 fine-needle aspiration biopsies and 167 smears-prints during cor-biopsy of masses of the liver in patients who were examined at the polyclinic of the oncological dispensary in Nizhny Novgorod in 2016. - 2017 As a result, full-fledged material for cytological examination in the form of smears-prints from cor-biopsy and fine-needle aspiration biopsies was obtained in 75.4% (n=126) and 95.2% (n=101), respectively. The great possibilities of the cytological method are shown: an affirmative diagnosis of the presence of primary or metastatic liver lesions was made in 88.8% (n=112) based on smears of sorbiopsy prints and in 87.1% (n = 88) with fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Typical cytomorphological criteria for primary and metastatic liver carcinomas made it possible to determine the origin of the primary tumor in 56.6% of cases (n=98).

CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE WOUND PROCESS IN PURULENT LESIONS OF THE DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME WITH THE USE OF PROGRAMMABLE REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES

Background: Purulent lesions of the feet in diabetes mellitus bring excruciating suffering to the patient, reduce the quality of life and often lead to limb amputation and possible death. The disappointing results of the treatment of purulent complications of diabetes encourage the search for both new approaches to treatment and methods for assessing the reparative potential of wound defects. Aim: This study aimed to improve the treatment of purulent-necrotic complications of the diabetic foot by studying the morphological assessment of healing processes when using promising treatment methods such as then programmed debridement. Methods: Over the past 10 years, the results of treatment of 106 patients with purulent-necrotic complications of diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) without critical ischemia have been analyzed. The patients were randomized into two groups. In the experimental group (n = 55), after surgical treatment, the wound was sutured tightly, and in the postoperative period, programmed debridement was carried out using the original AMP-01 device. In the control group of patients (n = 51), the purulent wound was not sutured after the operation, and local treatment was carried out with solutions of iodophors, ointments based on polyethylene glycol. To assess the dynamics of reparative processes in purulent wounds, a cytological method was used, which makes it possible to quickly and reliably assess the stage of the wound process and the effectiveness of the treatment. The simplicity and availability of the method allows it to be recommended to all practicing specialists. Results and Discussion: In the experimental group, by day 9 after surgery, the number of degenerative forms of neutrophils in cytological smears was 2.9 times lower than in the control group - 12.3 ± 0.3% versus 36.4 ± 0.4% (p 0.001) - and the RDI indicator in experimental group was 3.4 times higher compared with the control group - 2.6 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.1, respectively (p 0.001). This indicated more active phagocytosis, more rapid cleansing of the purulent cavity. An earlier appearance of cells of young connective tissue was observed in the experimental group. The number of fibroblasts by day 9 after surgery was 4.6 times higher (6.4 ± 0.4%) than in the control group - 1.4 ± 0.1% (p 0.001), which confirmed the presence of active regenerative processes in the wound. Conclusions: The use of programmable sanitation technologies in treating purulent complications of a diabetic foot leads to a more significant reduction in the duration of the inflammation phase and acceleration of reparative processes

Cellular composition research of serous pleural effusion fluids. Conceptual issues of preanalytics

The purpose of this work was to show the effectiveness of the cytological method on a small number of observations, excluding all possible errors of the preanalytical stage. The paper presents several simple and easily reproducible algorithms for the cytological study of serous pleural effusions with small cellular content. On the example of 20 observations of the study of the cellular composition of serous exudates, a direct dependence of the research results on the preanalytical stage is shown. A complete study of effusion fluids in compliance with all stages of preanalytics and the use of modern methods of cytological diagnostics makes it possible to nullify the options for false-negative.

CYTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA (PRIMARY NEURO-ENDOCRINE SKIN CANCER) IN THE MATERIAL OF A SUPERFICIAL SHAVE BIOPSY

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare malignant primary skin tumor with epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation. In the presented diagnostic case, the possibility of a cytological method in this material is a scarification biopsy.

APPLICATION OF THE CYTOLOGICAL METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF THE WOUND PROCESS IN GUNSHOT INJURIES OF THE LIMB

The article presents the results of studies devoted to the substantiation of the use of the cytological express method for assessing the wound process in patients with gunshot injuries of the extremities. In the course of the study, wound exudate was taken from the area of the most altered tissues in the projection of the wound channel, followed by preparation of preparations. The first and second group of preparations were stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa and Alekseev's method in the cytological laboratory. The preparations of the third group were stained with the May-Grunwald dye in the preoperative room. Comparative assessment was carried out using the developed color quality index of the cytological preparation, based on a point scale. It was found that the quality of preparations stained with the May-Grunwald dye was lower according to a number of criteria (completeness of staining of cells and cell structures, the presence of artifacts, focusing resolution) in comparison with preparations stained by the laboratory method. Despite this fact, staining with eosin methylene blue according to May-Grunwald made it possible to establish the type of cytogram and assess the dynamics of the wound process within a short time (no more than 7-8 minutes) directly in the preoperative room. The advantages of this method are: the ability to get a conclusion in the shortest possible time, learnability, repeatability, the absence of the need to involve a specialist in laboratory diagnostics. This technique is a surgeon's working tool for practical targeting of the wound, taking into account an objective assessment of the wound process.

Analyzing the differences between the cytological and histological methods in the vulva malignant neoplasm diagnosis

Introduction. Vulvar cancer is a rare female genital tract tumor. Unfortunately, the final diagnosis is often made in the late stage despite the available visualization methods. It indicates the need to improve the early diagnosis methods. The aim of the study was to improve the efficiency of the cytological diagnosis of vulvar cancer and pre-cancerous lesions by comparing the cytological and histological findings and diagnoses and analyzing the differences. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the biopsies, smears, and scrapings of 82 patients from 2014 to 2019 was carried out. Results. We found that true positive conclusions were given in 75% of cases, false negative – in 25% (17 cases). False positive results (overdiagnosis) occurred in 3.6% of all cases compared. The sensitivity of the cytological method was 76.4%, its specificity – 70%. We discussed the possible causes of incorrect cytology conclusions. Conclusion. A retrospective analysis of the discrepancy between the cytological and the histological diag-noses allowed us to identify the microscopic features that resulted into incorrect conclusions and, thus, to increase the reliability of the cytological diagnosis Keywords: vulvar cancer, neoplasia, melanoma, Paget’s disease, vulvar cytology

Analysis of results of cytological screening of cervix in persons living in Perm territory

Objective. To analyze the results of cytological screening for cervical cancer in women, living in the Perm Territory. Materials and methods. The work is based on the results of a cytological study of 4670 women aged 29 to 70 years who underwent additional medical examinations in medical institutions of Perm and the Perm Territory for the period from 2017 to 2019. Results. It was established that regardless of the place of residence, normal cytograms prevail. Inflammatory changes were more often observed in the urban population than among women living in the village. As age increased, the number of neoplastic changes in the cervix increased with a peak incidence at the age of 50. Detection of cervical cancer in the Perm Territory was 0.03 % that corresponds to the average statistical indicators in Russia, although this apparently reflects the problems of hypodiagnosis in cytological screening, since in the country in recent years the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality from it has been increasing. Conclusions. The cytological method is a key step in cervical cancer screening, since it allows you to identify early pathological changes in case of adequate collection of material, correct staining of preparations, and a highly qualified cytologist.

SYNTHESIZED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS GROWTH STIMULATORS FOR WOODY PLANTS

The effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs on the height of seedlings of ornamental woody plants was studied. The height of seedlings as a morphometric parameter was measured 7 months after the start of the experiment. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rhododendron ledebourii and Rhododendron smirnowii, with the studied compounds, demonstrated that dihydro- and tetrahydroquinoline with the concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most efficient. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect. Dihydroquinolines for perennial woody plants are more effective, then tetrahydroquinolines. The most efficient synthesized chemical compounds for Rhododendron contain benzoyl substitute. For Rh. ledebourii and Rh. smirnowii the most effective are the same synthesized chemical compounds: 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, and 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline with concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%. These compounds, when applied with the presowing seed treatment of Rh. ledebourii and Rh. smirnowii, result in an increase in the height of the seedlings by 3.6-89.3% and 14.3-57.1%, respectively. The effect of synthesized chemical compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and its hydrogenated analog on woody plants of the same genus is not speciesspecific. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as growth stimulators for Rhododendron. The compounds of the quinoline series were tested for genotoxicity by the cytological method in the model object (Betula pendula) and recognized as environmentally friendly. The cytogenetic responses for Betula pendula and Rhododendron are identical, so positive compounds influence for Betula pendula cells because of increased metabolic activity means the same for Rhododendron. Therefore, synthesized organic compounds can be recommended as effective growth stimulators.