Type and Potential Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coastal Area of Tarakan City, North Borneo, Indonesia

PAHs are mutagenic and carcinogenic agents that influence the coastal water of Tarakan City. This study aims to determine the concentration, type, and distribution of PAHs in waters and sediments of rivers, seawater, and brackish ponds, and their potential sources. Fourteen samples of water and sediment from selected stations obtained 14 types of PAHs priority (USEPA). Analysis using GC-MS Type Thermo Trace 1310 single quadrupole Mass Spectrometer, using Coulum melting silica column (coulumn fused silica) DB5 MS with a length of 30 m, a diameter of 0.32 mm inline. The concentration in sediments at river locations ranges from 0.72-352.84, between 1.23-606.74 in the sea, and brackish ponds 0.08-2858.88 ng.g-1. On the waters ranged from 42.46-160.25 µg.L-1, in the sea 7.95-167.55 µg.L-1 and ponds 7.63-151.60 µg.L-1. The concentration level in rivers and seas is small and in the ponds is small-very high. The concentration on water at the river site was observed to increase from upstream to downstream. Meanwhile in sediment was higher in the upstream decreased towards the middle of river and increased in downstream/estuary area. The concentration in the Tarakan coastal environment signifies the potential hazards to the environment. Components Nap, Fla, Pyr, Chr, and BaP are types that are often identified. Furthermore, two, four and five rings of PAHs were shown to dominate in water and sediment, with the major rings present in both river and brackish pond. The PAHs were both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources from land base sources that were possibly derived from the Pamusian river.

DETEKSI BAKTERI GENUS VIBRIO SEBAGAI CAUSATIVE AGENT PADA IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS VAR. SANGKURIANG) DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA

<em>Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var Sangkuriang) is the main commodity that widely cultivated in Tasikmalaya City. However, farmers have difficulty because of the disease which causes death in fish. High mortality is suspected as a vibriosis disease by genus Vibrio because redness wounds on dead fish. The purpose of this study is to know the genus Vibrio which causes of disease in Sangkuriang catfish. 10 samples of fish were taken from Sangkuriang catfish pond culture in Kelurahan Kersanagara Tasikmalaya City which were potentially suspected of vibriosis disease. Isolation of bacteria were done on TCBS medium. Bacterial isolates were collected from fish lesion on the body surface, liver, and kidneys of catfish. Isolation were able to gained 21 isolates and then 5 isolates (VK1, VK5, VK7, VK17, and VK21) were selected based on colony morphology and Postulates Koch’s were tested. The results showed that the clinical symptoms of catfish infected by vibriosis were redness lesions/ulcers on the body surface, hemorrhagic, fluid inside stomach, and fin eroded with redness wound. Bacterial identification through biochemical test revealed the causative agent of catfish disease at brackish pond area were bacteria of the genus Vibrio (VK 1, VK 5, and VK 7), Vibrio vulnificus (VK 17 and VK 21).</em>

CHLORINE DEMAND AND BACTERIAL ABUNDANCE OF SHRIMP POND WATER UNDER DIFFERENT SUSPENDED SOLID CONCENTRATIONS

An experiment has been conducted to evaluate the chlorine demand and efficacy of 6 chlorine concentrations in brackish pond water, to control indigenous bacteria in shrimps pond.

MINUTE ROTIFER DARI PERAIRAN ESTUARI SULAWESI UTARA DAN POTENSINYA SEBAGAI PAKAN LARVA IKAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan minute rotifer (rotifer berukuran kecil) yang ada di perairan Sulawesi Utara yang memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan awal larva ikan laut. Sampling rotifer dilakukan di tujuh lokasi estuari yang berbeda dengan menggunakan plankton net (mata jaring 40 mm). Prosedur identifikasi rotifer didasarkan pada tampakan morfologi. Morfometri dilakukan di bawah mikroskop pembesaran 40-100x yang terhubung dengan sebuah komputer untuk visualisasi dan pengukuran. Tiga spesies minute rotifer berhasil diisolasi dari tiga lokasi estuari berbeda. Colurella sp. diisolasi dari sebuah kolam payau (salinitas 25 ppt) yang dipenuhi sampah rumah tangga di Tumpaan Kabupaten Minahasa. Lecane sp. cf Lecane quadridentata (Lecane) diisolasi dari sebuah tambak payau (salinitas 17 ppt) di Meras Kota Manado dan Lecane sp. cf Lecane papuana di muara sebuah sungai kecil (salinitas <3 ppt) di Tateli Kabupaten Minahasa. Semua minute rotifer yang ditemukan ini berhasil didomestikasi dan menunjukkan adaptasi positif dalam pemeliharaan berbasis mikroalga. Colurella sp, Lecane sp. cf L. quadridentata dan Lecane sp. cf L. papuana memiliki ukuran panjang lorika (PL) masing-masing (97,10 ± 3,58 mm, 130,83 ± 12,06 mm dan 118,70 ± 5,46 mm) sedangkan lebar lorika (55,37 ± 2,04 mm, 91,95 ± 10,58 mm dan 101,28 ± 6,623 mm) yang secara signifikan lebih kecil dari B. rotundi­formis (PL 167,41 ± 9,10 mm dan LL 122,44 ± 7,29 mm) (p<0,05), sehingga berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan seba­gai pakan awal larva ikan laut yang membutuhkan pakan berukuran lebih kecil. Kata kunci: minute rotifer, Lecane sp, Colurella sp, larva This study aims to get minute rotifers (small rotifers) in the waters of North Sulawesi which has the potential to be used as starting food for marine fish larvae. The sampling for rotifers was conducted in seven different estuarine locations using plankton net (mesh size 40 mm). Rotifer identification proce­dure was based on morphological appearances. Morphometric observations were conducted under 40-100x magnification microscope connected to a computer for visualization and measurement. Three roti­fer species were able to be isolated from three different estuarine locations. Colurella sp. was isolated from a brackish pond (salinity of 25 ppt) which were filled with household garbage in Tumpaan, Mina­hasa regency. Lecane sp. cf Lecane quadridentata (Lecane) was isolated from a brackish pond (salinity of 17 ppt) in Meras-Manado and Lecane sp. cf Lecane papuana at the estuary of a small river (salinity <3 ppt) in Tateli, Minahasa regency. All minute rotifers were successfully domesticated and showed po­sitive adaptation in microalgae-based rearing. Colurella sp, Lecane sp. cf L. quadridentata and Lecane sp. cf L. papuana have lorica length (PL) of 97.10 ± 3.58 mm, 130.83 ± 12.06 mm, and 118.70 ± 5.46 mm, respectively, and lorica width (LL) of 55.37 mm ± 2.04, 91.95 ± 10.58 mm, and 101.28 ± 6.623 mm. They were significantly smaller than B. rotundiformis (PL of 167.41 ± 9.10 mm and LL 122.44 ± 7.29 mm) (p<0.05), which are commonly used in larva rearing. Thus these rotifers have potentials to be used as starting food for marine fish larvae that need a smaller size food. Keywords: Minute rotifer, Lecane sp, Colurella sp, larva

Review of experimental and natural invertebrate hosts of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) and its distribution and abundance in macroinvertebrates in eastern Canada

Experimental and natural invertebrate intermediate hosts of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) as well as transmission experiments of sealworm from invertebrates to fish are reviewed and summarized. Experimental hosts include copepods, mysids, cumaceans, isopods, amphipods, decapods, annelids, and molluscs. Invertebrates collected from eastern Canada between 1989 and 1995 were checked for nematode infections by microscopic examination of dissected animals or enzymatic digestion of bulk samples. Third-stage larval sealworm were found in mysids (Neomysis americana, Mysis stenolepis) from Passamaquoddy Bay, the Bras d’Or Lakes, inshore Cape Breton, Sable Island and Sable Island Bank. Infected amphipods (Amphiporeia virginiana, Americorchestia megalophthalma, Gammarus spp.) were found only on Sable Island. Typical infection rates in macroinvertebrates were 1-4/1000. No sealworm infections were found in approximately 18,000 amphipods examined from Sable Island Bank, the site of the most heavily infected fishes in eastern Canada. In Wallace Lake, a brackish pond on Sable Island, infection rates were much higher in mysids than in amphipods. Estimates of rates of transmission of sealworm from invertebrates to fish were derived from infection levels in Wallace Lake and feeding experiments involving sticklebacks and invertebrate prey. It is concluded that mysids may be much more important than amphipods in transmitting sealworm to fish hosts.