A new species of flat-headed mayfly Afronurus meenmutti (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from Kerala, India

A new species of mayfly (Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) Afronurus meenmutti sp. nov. is described based on larvae and imagoes from the state of Kerala, southern India. The main characteristics that distinguish the new species from all other species are in having glossae oblong with two stout spines medially; lingua of hypopharynx deeply cleft; absence of postero-lateral spines on terga and gill I slightly lobate in the nymph. Hind wing with the acute costal process; stout spine dispersed on basal and surface of forceps in the adults.

Two new species of Labidocera (Copepoda, Calanoida) from Bali and the Gag Islands, Indonesia

Two new species of Labidocera from Indonesian waters are herein described. Labidocera baliensis n. sp. is distinguishable in the female by the posterior corners of Pdg5 being rounded and equipped with a sub-posterior spine, the left side of Ur1 with a stout spine-like process, and the form of the P5; in the male by the Ur1 smooth and the very slender shape of P5. Labidocera gagensis n. sp. is distinguishable in the female by having 7 spine-like processes on Ur1, the structure of 6 spine-like processes on the posterior end of Ur2 and the form of P5; in the male by the long spine at the right posterior part of Ur1; and the 5 spine-like processes on the right posterior corner of Pdg5 as well as the form of P5. The relationships between the “detruncata” and “kroyeri” groups are discussed and defining characterizations of the species and of the species groups are provided.

A new species of Stygiopontius (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Dirivultidae) from a deep-sea cold seep in the South China Sea

A new species of the copepod genus Stygiopontius is described based on samples from a cold seep in northeastern South China Sea southwest to Taiwan, which were collected by the ROV Faxian with its mother vessel R/V Kexue in September 2017. The copepods were obtained by washing Shinkaia crosnieri Baba & Williams, 1998 (Decapoda: Munidopsidae) caught at a depth of 1124 m. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: caudal rami about 3.5 times as long as wide; basis of maxilliped with plumose seta, endopodal claw of maxilliped stout, with a row of fine spinules on inner margin; coxa of leg 1 with one inner seta; basis of leg 1 with stout spine exceeding to end of first endopodal segment; second endopodal segment of female leg 4 with pointed process; third exopodal segment of leg 4 with three outer spines. This is the first record of a Stygiopontius species from a cold seep.

Two new species and a new distributional record of Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from southeastern Brazil

The genus Alterosa Blahnik (2005), with 39 extant species, is endemic to Atlantic Forest areas of southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate two new species from Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Alterosa cornuta sp. nov., easily diagnosed by the horn-like intermediate appendages crossing each other, and A. araras sp. nov., recognized mainly by the extremely developed basodorsal protuberance on tergum X and by the rod-like, mesally curved preanal appendages, with at least 2 stout spine-like setae positioned at mid length and with the apex cupped. Additionally, a new distributional record for Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, is provided for Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005).

Morphology and ultrastructure of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolskii (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Tetranychus turkestani is a serious pest of cotton, corn, vegetables, fruit trees and forests in Xinjiang. All life stages of T. turkestani were observed using both light and scanning electron microscope. The egg is smooth and spherical. The eupathidial spinnerets of larva and protonymph are different from that of the deutonymph and adult in shape. The spinneret of adult female is obviously thicker and larger than that in male. The palpfemoral seta of adult male is a short, stout, spine-like process. T. turkestani has fourteen pairs of dorsal setae. The number of ventral setae increases regularly in number in each molt. The leg chaetotaxy has a great change from larva to deutonymph.

A review of naupliar development within the Harpacticidae, with naupliar description of Zaus wonchoelleei Kangtia, Dahms, Song, Myoung, Park & Khim, 2014 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

All six naupliar stages of the harpacticoid copepod Zaus wonchoelleei Kangtia, Dahms, Song, Myoung, Park & Khim, 2014 are described. A key for the identification of the naupliar stages is provided. Stages can be distinguished by number of segments of the exopod of antenna 2, setation of the limbs including the bud of the caudal ramus, and presence and setation of the bud of maxilla 1. In phylogenetic reconstructions there are several characters which link two taxa of different harpacticoid groups, the Harpacticidae of Exanechentera and the Thalestridae of Podogennonta. The Harpacticidae and the free-living genera of the Thalestridae develop from a 3-segmented naupliar antennular precursor in Harpacticidae and a 1-segmented antennule in Thalestridae to a 6-segmented antennule at copepodid I. Both families also share a single, stout spine terminally on the inner process of the mandibular naupliar endopodite which is unique for harpacticoid nauplii. A peculiar medial bifid seta on the antennal basis at nauplius I and II is also unique. This seta is replaced by a medial seta of the coxa at nauplius III, which has the same structure as the aforementioned set which gets reduced.

The youngest carpoid: occurrence, affinities, and life mode of a Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) mitrate from Oklahoma

Abundant, well-preserved specimens of a new peltocystidan mitrate carpoid,Jaekelocarpus oklahomensisn. gen. and sp., have been discovered in the Pennsylvanian (Morrowan Series) Gene Autry Shale Member, Golf Course Formation, in southern Oklahoma. The new carpoid postdates the youngest previously known carpoids (Middle Devonian) by about 65 million years. It is characterized by a small (to 4 mm in length) globose theca composed of six plates: two large adaulacophorals, two large marginals, and two relatively small plates that frame the main thecal orifice. One of the plates at the orifice bears a single stout spine. The theca and plates that comprise the theca display a high degree of bilateral symmetry. In contrast, the styloid has an asymmetrical array of spines and blades.We hypothesize that most mitrates, including this one, were adapted to an infaunal life mode. The streamlined, generally symmetrical body shape is an adaptation to moving on or through the substrate. Spines and blades on the lower surface of the styloid and proximal aulacophore are inferred to be adaptations for gripping the substrate as the animal pulled itself backwards (aulacophore first). The main thecal orifice opposite the aulacophore was the site of both mouth and anus. Evidence for a sluggish, epifaunal life mode in the cornute carpoids includes the typically flattened, asymmetrical body, the presence of downward projecting spines and knobs on the marginal thecal plates of many species, and the specialized thecal pores and slits that faced away from the substrate.

Three New Species of the Genus Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Larix SPP.

Apterous viviparous femaleGeneral colour dark brown. Tibia with a short proximal portion, and distal 1/3, dark brown, remainder light yellowish-brown. Antenna light brown, except segments I and VI, distal 1/3 of V, and extreme tips of III and IV, which are dark brown. Dorsum of metathorax and abdomen thickly speckled with raised, subcircular spots, some of which are joined together to form raised areas of irregular shape (Fig. 1, A). Each dark spot bears a stout, spine-like seta. Many setae on the dorsum terminate in enlarged, bifurcate tips,

A Note on Simulium bancrofti, Taylor, with the Description of a new Species of Simulium (Dipt.)

Simulium bancrofti, Taylor (Plate V, figs. 1–5).Head : Width of the frons slightly less than half that of the whole head ; antennae short, about two-thirds the width of the head ; first three segments cyathiform, the first slightly broader than long, a little less than half the length, and slightly more than half the width of the third ; second segment one-third longer than wide ; segments 4–7 inclusive approximately the same length ; the fourth a little wider than segments 5–7, which are all of about the same width ; penultimate longer than 4–7 individually ; apical segment moderately long and somewhat cone-shaped. Palpi five-jointed ; first joint cyathiform, with an apical row of four bristles, the two outer ones longer than the second segment ; the latter oblong, its sides nearly parallel, also with an apical row of bristles of about the length of the inner two on the first segment ; first and second segments together half the length of the third, the latter somewhat obovate, tapering slightly distally ; fourth almost pear-shaped, tapering basally, shorter than the third (11 : 14) ; fifth fusiform, tapering to a blunt point at both extremities and very little longer than the third, with a few scattered hairs, especially on its apex. Legs : fore femora and tibiae dilated ; first tarsal joint tapering very slightly at its base, a little more than half the length of the tibia (27 : 46), outer edge with a dense fringe of spinules, except on its basal fifth, apex with a stout spine on its outer apical angle ; base of second joint narrower than apex, lower surface with numerous spinules, especially on the distal two-thirds, apex with two stout spines, one on either side ; third and fourth joints cyathiform, the former one-third longer than the latter ; fourth with a deep median depression for almost half the length of the tarsus, forming the socket of the fifth ; third joint with numerous spinules on its distal two-thirds and an apical row of moderately long spines, the outermost the longest ; fourth joint sparsely covered with fairly long hairs, apex with four long, stout bristles, two on either side of the base of the fifth joint ; the latter pear-shaped, a little more than twice the length of the fourth, with a few fairly long hairs on its distal half ; claws short, almost straight, not toothed. Mid leg with the tibiae dilated, with a long, stout, external, apical spine ; first tarsal joint not dilated, a fringe of spinules along its outer margin and a few scattered ones over its ventral surface ; second joint with the spinules on the outer margin increasing in length and stoutness apically ; third joint similar to that of fore leg and without spinules ; fourth and fifth similar to those of fore leg ; joints 2 to 5 distinctly hairy.

NEW COCCIDÆ FROM CALIFORNIA

Xylococcus quercus, n. sp. (Plate 7, figs. 1 and 2.)Egg quite large, of a light orange colour.Young larvœ dark orange-red, active, body broadly oval, abont ⅔ mm. long. Legs and antennæ light brown, well developed. Antennæ short, 6-jointed. Joint 1 stoutest, joint 6 longest, and joint 4 shortest. Formula: 651234. Joints 2 and 5 with three bristles. Joint 6 with numerous long stout bristles. Legs moderately long, with femur quite swollen. Tarsus longer than tibia. Digitules of tarsus fine hairs; those of claw long stout clubs curved upwards. Each segment of abdomen bears a backward directed short stout spine. On each side of anal tube is a long fine bristle. Anal tube large, with numerous stont spines. Stigmatal tubes well developed.