Kisah-Kisah dalam Kitab Taj al-Salatin dan Siyasatname: Kajian Komparatif

As a legacy of intellectual works in Malay and Persian literature Taj al-Salatin and Siyasatname are two major works full of wisdom and courtesy reviews. Two books are equally written by the king's closest people and also presented to the King for the sake of achieving a harmonious life between the King and the people. Siyasatname was written by Nizam al Mulk (1018-109 AD) and presented to the king Alp Arselan and Malik Shah (1072-1092 AD) two kings of the Seljuq dynasty, while Taj al-Salatin was written by Bukhari al Jauhari in Aceh (1603 AD) and presented to Sultan Alauddin Riayyat Syah (1589-1603 AD). In the Persian literature the Siyasatname Book got a very important position because this book became a reference for how the King and his aides should manage and manage the kingdom. Likewise with Taj al-Salatin this book reminds the head of government in this case the king and his aides how to become the ideal official figure. This paper will compare the two books of Siyasatname and Taj al-Salatin with structuralist methods. The object of comparison in this paper is only the same story in the two works. Keywords: Taj al-Salatin, Syasatname, Persian, Malay, story. Sebagai peninggalan karya intlektual dalam kesusasteaan Melayu dan Persia Taj al-Salatin dan Siyasatname adalah dua karya besar yang penuh dengan ulasan hikmah dan adab. Dua buku yang sama-sama ditulis oleh orang terdekat raja dan dipersembahkan kepada Raja pula demi tercapainya kehidupan yang harmonis antara Raja dan rakyat. Siyasatname ditulis oleh Nizam al Mulk (1018–109 M.) dan dipersembahkan kepad raja Alp Arselan dan Malik Shah (1072-1092 M.) dua raja dari dinasti Saljuk, sedangkan Taj al-Salatin ditulis oleh Bukhari al Jauhari di Aceh (1603 M) dan dipesembahkan kepada Sultan Alauddin Riayyat Syah (1589-1603 M). Dalam kesusasteraan Persia Kitab Siyasatname mendapat posisi yang sangat penting karena buku ini banyak menjadi rujukan tentang bagaimana seharusnya Raja dan para pembantunya mengurus dan mengelola kerajaan. Begitu juga dengan Taj al-Salatin buku ini mengingatkan kepada kepala pemerintahan dalam hal ini raja dan pembantu-pembantunya bagaimana menjadi sosok pejabat yang ideal. Makalah ini akan membandingkan dua kitab Siyasatname dan Taj al-Salatin dengan metetode strukturalis. Objek perbandingan dalam makalah ini hanya pada kisah yang sama dalam dua karya tersebut. Kata kunci: Taj al-Salatin, Syasatname, Persia, Melayu, cerita.

Turkey is closing in on ambitious arms industry goals

Subject Turkey’s rising defence expenditure. Significance The official figure budgeted for defence and security for 2020 represents a year-on-year increase of about 40% to 140 billion lira (27.2 billion dollars). However, extra-budgetary resources earmarked for defence push the total spend higher than the figure disclosed by the Turkish government. Some of this money will be absorbed by the strategic defence industry plan for 2019-23, which includes raising the domestic content of defence equipment to 73% and increasing exports past 10 billion dollars, from 2 billion in 2018. Impacts Projects and investments using both basic and advanced technology ultimately aim to achieve 100% self-sufficiency in critical technologies. High defence costs at the expense of social programmes are justified as the price of combating terrorism. Despite the drive towards self-sufficiency, Turkey will continue to need imports and licence agreements for important components.

Suicide in Kerry: a comparison of the official and a clinically based rate

The suicide rate for county Kerry in 1988 was determined by clinical means using postmortem records as a starting point. Sixteen deaths due to suicide were thus identified (eight males and eight females). The official figure for the year is 19 (13 males and six females). Four of the clinically determined suicides did not appear in the official figures. Combining information from both sources gives a figure of 23 suicide deaths, a rate of 18.58 per 100,000. The authors conclude that there are continuing deficiencies in suicide recording practices.

Nationality Composition of the Soviet Population

The Soviet population comprises numerous nationalities, but there are differences of opinion as to the exact number. One author claims that there are 128 to 132 nationalities or ethnic groups living in the Soviet Union. The last official figure was issued by the Central Statistical Administration in instructions for the 1970 census. At this time the Administration, in consultation with numerous scholarly institutions, determined that 122 nationalities or ethnic groups resided in the Soviet Union. Comparable information for the 1979 census is not available in the West.

Sources of Agricultural Growth in Communist China

In this paper, I shall try to examine and identify the factors responsible for the increase in agricultural output in Communist China in the nineteen fifties. Then I shall try to discuss the implications of my findings in relation to future agricultural growth.Agricultural Output 1949–1957. Agricultural statistics remain the Achilles' heel in evaluating the performance of the Chinese economy in quantitative terms. For foodgrains, the official statistics show an increase of nearly 43 percent from 1949 to 1952, and nearly 20 percent from 1952 to 1957. These claims are generally regarded as exaggerated. Based on per capita consumption requirements, Liu and Yeh regard the pre-1956 official figures as gross understatements. They accept, however, the official figure for 1957. They allow for no more than 5 percent increase from 1952 to 1957 for the production of food crops. After adjustment of reported cultivated area has been made, Wu's estimate shows virtually no increase in foodgrains from 1952 to 1957. Hollister, after suggesting official understatements for earlier years, accepts the official 1955 figure and estimates that the 1957 production of basic food crops and animal products was 14 percent higher than that of 1952. Jones and Poleman also maintain that the official estimates of grain production were underestimates for 1952–54; they accept the 1955–57 figures. Their estimates put the 1957 level about 12 percent higher than that in 1952. Choh-ming Li, though without making any independent estimates of his own, regards the official figure for 1955 as more reliable or least unsatisfactory for the whole period 1949–57, while considering the pre-1955 years as underestimates and the post-1955 years (that is, 1956 and 1957) as overestimates.