Market chain analysis of goat in south omo zone of SNNPR, Ethiopia

This study was initiated to identify market chain actors and their function in the market, investigate the structure conduct and performance of goat marketing in south omo zones of SNNPR, Ethiopia during the year 2018. Primary data were collected from sampled pastoralists and agro pastoralists, traders and brokers. Before the household survey, key informant interview and focus group discussions were conducted with producers, traders and brokers. Descriptive Statistics and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed to analyze the goat market structure, conduct and performance. The results show that producers, brokers, traders and consumers were the major goat market actors. Regarding the market structure, cattle market is known to be dominated by few traders. Although the degree of competition varies, goat market structure in the study area has an oligopolistic nature. This shows that only few traders have the majority of market share and earn abnormal profit. Besides, goat market is characterized by entry barriers, distant market point, high trucking cost, seasonality of marketing, information asymmetries and unfriendly relation between actors. As the pastoralists and agro pastoralists mainly depend on goat for their livelihoods and other cultural values, traders take advantage of the asymmetric market information towards them. The larger share of the market gains remains with end traders thereby limiting the pastoralists and agro pastoralists chance to realize the economic gains in goat production. Thus, linking producers to market and its benefits, establishing cooperatives and development of infrastructure could play a significant role for optimization of the sector. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 52-60, Dec 2021

CONSTRAINTS FACED DURING THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF CABBAGE AND POTATO CROPS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MANIPUR AND NAGALAND STATES OF INDIA

The present study was carried out by purposively simple stratified random sampling technique to select 300 respondents from both the states of Manipur and Nagaland, while to highlight the constraint faced by the growers during the production and marketing of cabbage and potato crops with Garrett Ranking Technique. For the production viz.; seed, labour, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, PPCs and other issues like animals, pests and diseases, have hampered of the potato and cabbage in the selected areas. While for marketing high price of the seed, not available in time, inferior quality of seed, low reliability of the seed, high wage rates of labour, skill & unskilled labour not available in time, irrigation facility not available, perennial sources are not available and irrigation facility not reliable etc; While for the market related issues, grading by hand & mechanical means, lack of knowledge regarding packaging, packing materials, high cost of transportation, lack of market infrastructures, unauthorized & illegal tax collections, use of improper scales in weighing, lack of support prices, lack of reliable & timely availability of market information and distant market along with the lack of cooperation among the producers and frequent ban & social boycott are some of the problems and constraints encountered by the entire producers and market intermediaries in the region.

Out of the Comfort Zone! Family Leaders’ Subsidiary Ownership Choices and the Role of Vulnerabilities

Based on the socioemotional wealth approach and a sample of 3,904 subsidiary ownership choices made by 586 family firms, this study shows that family-managed firms (i.e., those family firms with a family member in a leadership position) prefer wholly owned subsidies over joint ventures when entering foreign markets. Family-managed firms are also more likely to revise their subsidiary ownership choices and form joint ventures when in vulnerability conditions, that is, when they experience performance below aspirations and when entering a culturally distant market.

STATUS OF FISH HATCHERY AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT IN, DHANUSHA, NEPAL

The study was conducted to overview status of fish hatchery and nursery management. The main occupation of owners is hatchery business and 23% owners run as side business. 23% of respondents reared fifteen species including major seven species Rupchand, Puntius, Basai, Bhagi, Bata, Magur and Black carp. 30.8% respondents use brood stock from other hatchery of different place for cross breeding to reduce stress, inbreeding depression and to increase disease resistance, growth, performance and production. 61.53% respondents do not monitor the pond to check water quality pararameters like DO, pH and turbidity of water. The average hatchlings, fish fry and fingerling survivality was found 31.10%, 57% and 64% respectively. The problem encountered were flood, predator, unavailability of feed, hormone, fertilizer, skilled manpower and water shortage. The B/C ratio in private hatchery was 1.59 and 1.31 in government hatchery. Most of the respondents use motorcycle (53.8%) as means of transportation of fish seed. The main severe disease was learnaea followed by argulus. The inputs used in nursery management were less than that of recommended dose. High stocking density of fingerlings found (546.15kg/kattha). 69.23% of respondents sold fish, fry and fingerlings to distant market and 30.8% of fish farmers sold their fish seed products in local market. About 75%, 20% and 5% of hatchery fish seed production transferred through channel 1, channel 2 and channel 3 respectively. The problems faced in market were trader monopoly followed by open boarder, road inaccessibility, transportation loss and lack of market information

The Determinants of Meat Import Performance in ASEAN Countries

Research aims: The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of Gross Domestic Product, exchange rate, and distance on the meat import performance of ASEAN countries both partially and simultaneously.Design/Methodology/Approach: Purposive sampling method was adopted to determine the research sample. The data used were the annual secondary data of ASEAN countries in the period of 2012-2018, collected from trademap.org, World Bank, and macmap.org. Multiple Linear Regression was employed to analyze the data.Research findings: The regression analysis results showed that GDP and exchange rate did not affect meat import performance. Meanwhile, distance had a partially significant negative effect on meat import. However, GDP, exchange rate, and distance had a significant effect on meat imports simultaneously.Theoretical contribution: Previous researchers have used economic distance in their study to see its impact on imports. Nevertheless, there has not been much research done using geographical distance as an antecedent variable. The distant market has to incur large-fixed costs, which can only be supported if the export value is large. The negative impact of distance on imported meat must be taken seriously. AANZFTA supposedly gives a contribution to the member countries thoroughly to export goods and services. It is to increase per capita income so that it can be used to improve the transportation system.Implication policy: ASEAN officials are suggested to encourage the member countries to provide better transportation facilities to eliminate geographical distance barriers and further support SMEs and other business actors' engagement. Due to the limitation of this research, it is suggested that further research should consider using other commodities to measure the import performance.

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) IN SAPTARI DISTRICT, NEPAL

A study in value chain of mango in Saptari district of Nepal was conducted during January 2019 to June 2020 in Surunga municipality, Khadak municipality, Balan Bihul rural municipality, Rajbiraj municipality, Agni Sair rural municipality, Shambhunath municipality and Kanchanrup municipality. The study sites were purposively selected as these sites were command areas of PMAMP PIU, Saptari. Total 61 mango growers and 7 traders were randomly selected for the survey. Household survey, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informants Interviews were primary sources of data from which information was analyzed and concluded. By the virtue of increasing trend of mango production, farmers were able to produce large quantity of mango despite eminent problems of irrigation and diseases and insects. But, due to middlemen monopolized market system and negligible efforts for value addition practices like storage facility, packaging, cleaning and other processing technology, farmers were compelled to receive lower farm gate price yet retail prices of those produces were high. However on small scale, mango growers were involved in production of diversified products like Aamil, chutneys, achaar, amot etc. of which 37.7% of mango growers sold them in the market. Producers share in short distance market was higher (45.12 %) while it was lower (31.02%) in distant market. Likewise, marketing margin in distant market was higher (Rs. 55.18) than in short distance market (Rs. 30.18). Farmer added value worth Rs. 9.76 in both proximity markets and distant markets, wholesalers added Rs. 10.18 in proximity market and Rs. 12.68 in distant market and retailers added Rs. 20 in proximity market and Rs.35 in distant market to existing value of mango suggesting immense disparity in value addition. Having immense scope for value addition, it was required to strengthen marketing system, establish processing industries, and mobilize resources to increase bargaining power of mango growers in Saptari.

Socio Economics Profile of Chilli Growers in District Baramulla (J&K)

The study was carried out during 2018-2019 to know the socio-economic status of the chilli growers, marketing of chilli and constraints faced by the chilli growers in district Baramulla. A sample size of 50 chilli growers was selected randomly from 5 villages of agricultural zone Nehalpora of district Baramulla. The study reveals that majority (60%) of the respondents were in the age group (35-53 yrs). It was found that 30 per cent of the respondents were illiterate. About 45% of the respondents were having farming as the main occupation. As far as annual income is concerned, major source of income of the growers was from agriculture (72 lakhs), followed by horticulture (39.70 lakhs) and vegetables (3.23 lakhs). About 45% of the area was irrigated in the village, 40.87% under orchards, 9.48% under chilli. Majority of the growers used television (74%) regularly as a source of mass media followed by other means of media like internet (30%). Majority (84%) of the growers had occasional extension contacts. About 56 per cent of the respondents were having medium level of scientific orientation followed by low (30%) and high (14%). As far as the marketing of the chilli is concerned, majority of the growers (56%) sold their crop in local market while only (44%) of the growers sold their crop at a distant market. The reason might be that the growers preferred their local market rather than going for distant places because of the less time available. The major resource constraints in chilli production technology as mentioned by the respondents were unavailability of improved seeds of vegetables (90%) high cost of pesticides (70%), scattered and small size land holdings (60%) and lack of irrigation facilities (40%) Poor marketing facilities (80%), distantly located markets (30%), bad condition of roads (90%), non-remunerative prices (84%) and lack of transportation facilities and high transportation charges (18%) were the major marketing constraints. 90 per cent of the farmers had a constraint of Lack of training on scientific vegetable production technology and Non-availability of facilities of soil testing (80% ), while as 40 per cent had mentioned Lack of knowledge about improved varieties, seed rate and sowing time as other constraint faced.

Post harvest loss and marketing of fruits - economic analysis of pink flesh guava in local and distant markets in India

Guava produced in Bengaluru in Karnataka is also transported to distant markets like Cochin in Kerala and Chennai in Tamil Nadu. An assessment of post harvest loss (PHL) was done in these markets. The main marketing channel followed was:Producer  PHC  Distant Market WS Retailer  ConsumerMarketing practices followed in marketing of pink flesh guava and losses occurring at the wholesale (transit) and retailers’ level (storage) in the distant market - Kerala were studied from wholesalers and retailers. The PHL at the wholesalers’ level was observed to be 3.6 per cent mainly due to pressed and crushed fruits during transit. The retail level loss was 4.59 per cent which was mainly due to storage for more than two days resulting in decaying, rotting, yellowing etc. Average price received by the wholesaler was Rs.29.92/kg with a margin of Rs.6.21/kg (20.75%). The retailers received a price of Rs.46.54/kg with a margin of Rs.16.35/kg (35.13%). Marketing practices followed in marketing of pink flesh guava and losses occurring at the wholesale (transit) and retailers’ level (storage) in the distant market - Chennai (Tamil Nadu) were studied with wholesalers in Coimbeedu market and retailers in different parts of Chennai. The PHL at the wholesalers’ level was observed to be 4.62 per cent mainly due to pressed and crushed fruits during transit. The retail level loss was 6.09 per cent which was due to pressing of fruits during handling. The wholesaler received a margin of 22.91 percent in trading of guava fruits. The retailers received a margin of 45.72 per cent. The Karnataka farmers can take advantage of the higher prices prevalent in the distant markets and increase their income. Pathological investigation indicated that losses occurred at different stages of handling due to Styler end rot, Anthracnose, Canker, thrips attack etc., which needs to be addressed. The storage losses of pink flesh guava were estimated as 5.89 % after 4 days of storage at room temperature (24-32°C) that constituted mainly the physiological loss in weight (PLW). Spoilage started after 5 days of storage (10.5 %) and reached to 28.31 % by 6 days of storage. After 4 days of storage, guava fruits lose weight to the extent of 6 per cent and the spoilage starts after 5 days. Hence, care should be taken to dispose of the fruits within five days of harvest.

Delineation of Supply Chain of Pangasius in India: A Case of Andhra Pradesh

The paper delineates the distribution, communication and price transmission along the supply chain. Pangasius was mainly produced and supplied from state of Andhra Pradesh to several states in India. The major share of Pangasius traded to West Bengal (73.29%) and Maharashtra (16.4%) and hence the study was restricted to these two states. The three marketing channels were identified (A, B and C) and the major volume was transacted through the channel (B). The stakeholders identified in marketing were farmers, broker, transporters, packers, ice providers, wholesalers, secondary wholesalers and retailers. Exchange of information among actors, was mainly focused on quality, quantity, prices, time of delivery and arrangements with supporting intermediaries. The every intermediary added a cost and moved it further to respective stakeholder after earning some returns. In channel (B), the profit of wholesalers and retailers was Rs. 3.08 and Rs. 6.85 per Kg, respectively whereas in channel (C), primary wholesaler, secondary wholesaler and retailer realised profit in rupees per kg of Rs. 2.31, Rs. 4.5 and Rs. 8.15, respectively. Channel (A) had shown direct sell to consumers. Price spread reflects Channel (B) (Rs. 31.2/Kg) was efficient than (C) (Rs. 34.95/Kg). Farmers opined that negligible local demand compelled farmers to sell Pangasius in distant market. Promotion of Pangasius consumption in home state and nearby states will go a long way in improving local demand and to ensure better prices. This may realise sustainable development of Pangasius in India.

Do public support services matter in the multilocation process in China?

Purpose – During the last decade the demand to comprehend the overarching success factors of the multilocation process in distant countries such as China has increased significantly. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to explore and understand the nature and scope of the collaboration between the public support services (PSS) in China and the Spanish enterprises which decided to be multilocated there. Design/methodology/approach – The present study examines the necessity of the PSS in China by employing a review of literature as well as both quantitative and qualitative surveys from 31 Spanish companies multilocated in China. Findings – The main conclusions highlight the fact that the PSS do not seem to have a big and homogenous influence on the multilocation process, although those companies with higher levels of commitment that have been operating in China for a longer time have used it more frequently. Originality/value – While other studies of multilocation have isolated the companies from their host environment, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the weak links between the PSS and companies in a culturally and psychically distant market. By providing an insight into the dynamics of how firms interact and collaborate with the PSS, this study contributes to guiding policy makers and managers in designing and implementing strategies to support enterprises in the multilocation process in China.