Impact of Coastal Flood on Building, Infrastructure, and Community Adaptation in Bukit Bestari Tanjungpinang

Coastal flood in Indonesia, namely as banjir rob, is a phenomenon that increases seawater to inundate around the tidal area. In Tanjungpinang, cases of coastal floods become a serious problem for people living in this area. This research aims to model the coastal flood inundation by modeling water inundation with a maximum level increase scenario. Its model was used to estimate coastal floods' impact on houses, buildings, and infrastructures with scenario 2 meters of sea-level rise. On the other hand, the budget loss for restoration was estimated to study the effort of community adaptations with the ECLAC RAB method and observation to understand community adaptation. It was found that the spatial model succeeded in zoning inundation areas, which had a significant impact on houses, buildings, worship places, schools, and industrial at many 4112 units. From this case, the budget loss for the restoration of the physical environment was estimated at around 61994014.75 USD. In addition, the survey revealed the existing condition before and after the coastal flood. Several community efforts for adaptation were developing houses on stilt and hoarding the lowest land on-site location for build houses.

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF INTERTIDAL AREAS

Spatiotemporal geomorphological mapping of intertidal areas is essential for understanding system dynamics and provides information for ecological conservation and management. Mapping the geomorphology of intertidal areas is very challenging mainly because spectral differences are oftentimes relatively small while transitions between geomorphological units are oftentimes gradual. Also, the intertidal areas are highly dynamic. Considerable challenges are to distinguish between different types of tidal flats, specifically, low and high dynamic shoal flats, sandy and silty low dynamic flats, and mega-ripple areas. In this study, we harness machine learning methods and compare between machine learning methods using features calculated in classical Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) vs. end-to-end deep convolutional neural networks that derive features directly from imagery, in automated geomorphological mapping. This study expects to gain us an in-depth understanding of features that contribute to tidal area classification and greatly improve the automation and prediction accuracy. We emphasise model interpretability and knowledge mining. By comparing and combing object-based and deep learning-based models, this study contributes to the development and integration of both methodology domains for semantic segmentation.

Analysis of Healthy Latrine Ownership Factors in the Coastal Area of Lapulu Village, Kendari City

The percentage of families in Lapulu Village that had healthy latrines was 64,84% who met the health requirements and 35,16% who did not meet the health requirements in 2019. This shows that the ownership of healthy latrines is still lower than the national achievement. This study aims to determine the factors associated with low ownership of healthy latrines in the coastal areas of Lapulu Village, Kendari City. The research design was observational, with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was 437 respondents, while the study sample was 209 respondents. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling technique. The analysis were performed using the Chi-Square test. The results of statistical tests with chi-square obtained the value of land availability (p-value=0,000), knowledge (p-value=0,031), and income (p-value=0,000). It can be concluded that there is a relationship between land availability, knowledge, and income levels associated with low ownership of healthy latrines in the tidal area of ​​Lapulu Village, Kendari City. Therefore, it is hoped that the community and local government will establish this inter sector collaboration with related agencies to increase community ownership of healthy latrines.

Molluscan Diversity Influenced by Mangrove Habitat in the Khors of Qatar

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Qatar is a rapidly developing region within the Arabian Gulf, where monitoring of changes in benthic biodiversity and its functioning is needed. The influence of mangroves and seasonality on the nearshore subtidal molluscan diversity at three distinct khors (nearshore tidal bays) – natural mangroves (Al Dhakhira), planted mangroves (Al Mafyar) and no-mangroves (Dawhat Zekreet) – are investigated in this study. This study concludes that even the sub-tidal area is influenced by mangroves, and mangroves increase the diversity of molluscs compared to the site that lacks mangroves. The maximum salinity (59.8 psu) was observed at Dawhat Zekreet during summer, and the minimum (41.44 psu) at Al Dhakhira in winter. Chlorophyll a level was low for all the khors, and rarely exceeded 1 μg/L, depicting oligotrophic waters. Al Dhakhira demonstrated the highest molluscan species richness (32), and shared 28 species in common with Al Mafyar. Dawhat Zekreet had the fewest mollusc species number and no mangroves. When cumulative diversity over all seasons was considered, Dawhat Zekreet exhibited the lowest species richness; Al Dhakhira, the highest. Some mangrove regions have been already utilized for developmental activities, and Qatar needs to continue the program of mangrove conservation as a vital habitat for molluscs.

The Hydrolysis of Fish Protein from Giant Mudskipper (Periophthalmodon Schlosseri) using Alcalase Enzyme

Giant mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) are amphibious fish and considered as endemic fish, so it can not be found in any other place and they live in a typical habitat in a tidal area with the mud of mangroves. Mudskipper These fish is relatively untapped as food source. This research aims to obtain the optimum conditions of enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, and hydrolysis incubation time on the degress of hydrolysis of alcalase enzyme in giant mudskipper (P. schlosseri). The production of fish protein hydrolysate was conducted by varying one parameter at a time to determine its effect without considering interactions with other parameters. The results obtained optimum hydrolysis at 1.5% alcalase concentration of protein weight, pH 7.5, temperature 50°C, and the duration of hydrolysis 2 hours. The degree of hydrolysis produced at the optimum condition was 67.44%.

Identifikasi, Kelimpahan dan Tipe Karakteristik Habitat Ikan Tembakul Desa Pasir Kabupaten Mempawah Kalimantan Barat

Tembakul or mudskipper has the ability to adapt the condition of tidal area trough walking on the mud. The purpose of this research, wich held on February – March 2019 at Pasir Village Mempawah Regency, are to found out the species of tembakul on that area, with its abundance and the characteristic of its habitat. Sample taken from 3 sampling sites wich determinated by purposive method with the help of net for caught tool. The result of this research found 3 species of mudskipper, i.e Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus schlosseri and P. chrysospilos. P. Schlosseri had the highest abundance (0,82 Ind/m²), followed by B. Boddarti 0,74 Ind/m² and P. Chrysospilos (0,52 Ind/m²). Site I had the highest abundance of mudskippers (0,94 Ind/m²), while site II was the lowest (0,53 Ind/m²). Based on the regression analysis of enviromental actors of its habitat, salinity had the big impact for mudskipper.

Monitoring of groundwater, morphological and ecological development of the Perkpolder managed realignment following tidal restoration

<p>Innovative, sustainable and cost-effective coastal protection solutions are required to adapt to environmental change and enhance ecosystem functioning. Managed realignment is an example of an ecosystem engineering coastal management approach motivated by concerns about biological conservation and sea-level rise. It involves relocating the line of defense landward, thereby mimicking what would normally happen with marine environments during a period of sea-level rise. The retreat allows new salt marshes to develop offering a range of ecosystem services. Despite the ongoing execution of managed realignment projects in, amongst others, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain, it remains unclear whether management realignment is able to deliver on the expected socio-economic and environmental benefits.</p><p>Here we report on the short-term (0-4 years) development of physical and ecological processes of the Perkpolder managed realignment area in the Scheldt estuary, the Netherlands, following tidal restoration in 2015. The overarching goal of the Perkpolder project was to realize 75 hectares of low-dynamic tidal nature contributing to Natura2000 conservation goals for the Western Scheldt estuary as well as serving as a compensation measure for the extension of the navigation channel for the Antwerp harbor.</p><p>The Perkpolder managed realignment is considered a unique opportunity to monitor and study the biotic and abiotic changes in an area transforming from a freshwater agricultural area to a tidal saline natural area. An interdisciplinary monitoring framework was set up to record the abiotic and biotic developments of the Perkpolder realignment area, particularly focusing on morphological changes, colonization of the new tidal area by benthic macrofauna and vegetation, and its function as foraging area for water birds. Also the groundwater system is studied and its effect on the surrounding agricultural land.</p><p>A mitigation measure, called ‘SeepCat’, was installed on the border of the new tidal area and the agricultural land to protect the freshwater lens used by farmers for irrigation. The lens was expected to shrink by this local sea level rise. From the groundwater measurements, it was concluded that the SeepCat system was functioning well enough to compensate for the effects of the new tidal area.</p><p>Using a Delft3D numerical model simulation, it was shown that the design of the morphological template has a large impact on the rates of morphological change. Additionally, the sediment import, estimated from SPM concentration and discharge measurements, varied strongly in time, and sediment was also being exported for a number of tides. Controlled laboratory experiments show that seedlings of pioneer marsh plant species survive best in a well-drained soil without sediment dynamics. Yet, seedlings can tolerate some moderate sediment dynamics. From a benthic community perspective, the development of the managed realignment Perkpolder is encouraging. A biologically active intertidal area has formed within a short time frame. Within 3 years, the benthic macroinfaunal community shows a development towards a community found on natural tidal mudflats and is expected to reach a stable community in years rather than decades. The area is also frequently visited by birds, which forage during low tide and rest on the surrounding dikes during high tide.</p>

Grain Size and Chemical Composition of Sediments to Determine the Governing Geochemical Processes in Fluvial Environments

The environmental impact on the river system and the bay or a tidal flat area is of significance since these environments act as sinks of pollutants. The river system gradually gathers the material that flows along the river and settles it at the downstream area. The geochemistry of sediments of the rivers and the Bay or tidal area are signatures of the mass transfer process that occur in fluvial environments. Thus, the processes such as provenance, maturity of sediments, weathering, climatic implications, sedimentary processes, heavy mineral concentrations, sorting and mixing effect, grain size variation, transport and downstream accumulation and effect of tributaries can be determined using geochemistry. The major oxides and trace element concentration of the sediments of the river and the Bay or Tidal area is thus very important to determine the fluvial processes. Comparison of two different fluvial environments with different climatic conditions and geology where one consists of the river with a Bay in Sri Lanka and the other consisting of a river with a tidal flat in Japan is thus conceded. The environmental assessment using elements of sediments in such environments have been effective due to the possibility of being able to identify the fluvial processes that are affected by the river and Bay or tidal sediments in two different systems.

Production of asari (Manila) clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, during the period of harvest decrease in the 2000s in the Banzu tidal area, Tokyo Bay

In Tokyo Bay, the harvestable quantity of asari (Manila) clams Ruditapes philippinarum has been decreasing since the late 1990s. We conducted a field investigation on clam density in the Banzu culture area from April 1988 to December 2014 and collected records spanning January 1986 to September 2017 from relevant fisheries cooperative associations to clarify the relationship between the temporal variation in stock abundance and the production activities of fishermen. The yearly variation in clam abundance over the study period was marked by larger decreases in the numbers of larger clams. A large quantity of juvenile clams, beyond the biological productivity of the culture area, may have been introduced as seed stock in the late 1980s despite the high level of harvestable stock. The declines in harvested quantity began in the late 1990s and may have been caused by decreases in harvestable stock despite the continuous addition of seed stock clams. The harvested quantity is likely to be significantly dependent upon the wild clam population, even within the culture area, as the harvestable quantity was not correlated with the quantity of seed stock introduced during the study period. These declines in harvested quantity may have resulted from a decreasing number of operating harvesters due to the low level of harvestable stock and consequently reduced profitability. Two findings were emphasized. A certain management style, based on predictions of the contributions of wild and introduced clams to future stock biomass, is essential for economically-feasible culturing. In areas with less harvestable stock, actions should be taken to maintain the incomes of harvesters while avoiding overexploitation, even if the total harvest quantity decreases.