Removal of organic matter from the underground water—a pilot scale technological research

The aim of the study was to select an appropriate technology for the treatment of groundwater with particular emphasis on the effectiveness of organic matter removal. The technological research was carried out on a pilot scale for 6 weeks. The pilot station was supplied with groundwater taken from two wells with different physical and chemical composition and mixtures of the two waters. The installation of the pilot station enabled different configuration of technological processes and continuous water sampling past each device. The following parameters were determined for the water samples: temperature, pH, alkalinity, colour, turbidity, COD KMnO4, TOC and dissolved oxygen, total and bivalent iron and manganese. On the basis of the analysis of the test results, it was found that the treatment technology based on natural aeration and rapid filtration processes was effective for water from well no. 2 and the mixtures of waters from well no. 1 and well no. 2, and the quality of treated water was in accordance with the limits specified in the Regulation of the Polish Minister of Health.

Analysis of kinetics of local hydraulic losses on the laterals of radial wells at Belgrade groundwater source

An analysis of the dynamics of the process of biochemical colmation of laterals of radial wells at the Belgrade Groundwater Source is presented. A very good correlation between the rate of forming of the colmations and the concentration of bivalent iron was obtained, on the basis of which the maximum recommended flows and velocities were defined, which are in good agreement with the values from previous articles and studies. The effects of regenerations on yield and the total volume of extracted water (up to 2 times higher than in the case of no regeneration) were investigated using a mathematical and software model. A correlation was developed linking the ratio of the amounts of water extracted with and without regeneration, to the aquifer hydraulic resistance, the coefficient of local hydraulic losses reduction due to regeneration, and the number of regenerations. The factor equal to the square root of the number of regenerations increased by one was added to the expressions for the maximum recommended values of inlet velocities and flows per lateral. The differences in flows and extracted volumes between operating modes with constant flow between regenerations and a constant, minimal water level were also examined using the model. The ratio between the total extracted volumes when the drawdown is kept equal to maximum and when the flow between the regenerations is kept constant reaches up to 1.25.

Ionic chromatographic determination of iodides, nitrites and bivalent iron in water with amperometric detector

Introduction. The majority of ionic chromatographic methods approved in our country for assessing the quality and chemical safety of water for the content of controlled anions and cations are developed using conductometry. However, quantitative determination of micro concentrations of cations and anions in drinking water and other water bodies against the background of macro concentrations of other components due to their interfering influence by the method of conductometric ion-chromatographic analysis is not possible. Material and methods. The tap water in Nothern East Administrative district of Moscow was used. The “Stayer” ion chromatograph with amperometric and conductometric detectors and separating columns was used. The column Phenomenex Star Ion A-300 100/4.6 was used for the determination of iodide. The column Shodex IC SI-52 4E 250/4, 6 was used for the determination of nitrite. The column Shodex IC YS-50 150/4.6 was used for the determination of bivalent iron. Results. Chromatograms of ion chromatographic analysis with amperometric and conductometric detections of tap water with different contents of target ions are presented. It is shown that it is impossible to determine the target components using the standard method with conductometric detection. The content of accompanying ions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates), exceeding the concentration of nitrite and iodide by tens of thousands of times, was not prevented by the determination. Discussion. The high efficiency of the proposed method for determining iodides, nitrites, and bivalent iron is provided due to their anode discharge in the electrochemical cell of the detector. Interfering components (chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate) neither participate in the anodic oxidation process and nor generate an electrical signal; that allows determining micro concentration of nitrite and iodide ions and bivalent iron in virtually any aqueous system containing an excess of chlorides, nitrates, sulfates. Conclusion. Authors proposed a highly sensitive ion - chromatographic amperometric determination of iodide, nitrite ions and bivalent iron in water and other water bodies. It allows eliminating the interfering influence of macro concentrations of accompanying components. The determination is performed by direct insertion of the sample into the chromatographic system.

Peroral retard iron preparation for iron-deficiency anemia: case study and pharmacoeconomic analysis

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is an important issue. The prevalence of IDA in women of reproductive age and women in perimenopause is high and has no tendency to reduce. Pharmacoeconomic aspects and recent data on clinical efficacy of iron supplements for obstetrical gy-necological disorders are addressed. The authors review international and domestic published data on iron supplements prescribed in women with obstetrical gynecological diseases. The paper describes the results of cost-effectiveness analysis and clinical trials published earlier that compare the efficacy of the treatment with iron supplements in women who experienced IDA or gynecological disorders complicated by iron deficiency during the pregnancy. One of the bivalent iron retard preparations, Tardyferon®, is discussed. In addition, Tardyferon® is compared with similar iron supplements and Fe(III)-hydroxide-polymaltose complex. Pharmacoeconomic utility of bivalent iron preparation from the viewpoint of the patient and the doctor is validated.Keywords: pharmacoeconomic analysis, iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, pregnancy, iron supplements, bivalent iron.For citation: Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Markova E.A. Peroral retard iron preparation for iron-deficiency anemia: case study and pharmacoecono-mic analysis. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(2):88–94. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-2-88-94.

Uterine leiomyoma and IDA. Variant of preoperative preparation

The article considers the features of Fe deficite anemia in patients with uterine fibroid. Their own studies of preoperative management of such patients using the drug of bivalent iron and selective protein modulator in progesterone receptors are presented.

On the characteristic and stability of iron diet supplements

The iron diet supplements: AproFER 1000 and AproTHEM were subjected to various chemical, microbial and magnetic analysis. The microbial analysis revealed no presence of pathogenic bacteria in the studied products. No significant changes in iron content or forms (bivalent/trivalent) were observed in EPR analysis of supplements stored at different conditions for a long period of time. The chemical and magnetic analysis showed that both AproFER 1000 and AproTHEM contain a high concentration of bivalent iron so they can be used as an iron diet supplements.

Research of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of rutine complex with bivalent iron

Studies using cell-free systems have shown that chelation of ferrous iron by rutin and formation of the complex (Rt – Fe) resulted in the appearance of site-specific pseudo-peroxidase activity against hydrogen peroxide, but does not affect the ligand’s ability to interact with peroxynitrite. Anti-inflammatory properties of rutin (Rt) and its complex with ferrous iron were studied in vitro under conditions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in endothelial cells of the human umbilical vein (HUVEC). The Rt – Fe complex at a dose of 50 µmol/L was found to significantly reduce the level of LPS-induced mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-1B, IL-8, MCP1 and COX-2 and the level of secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture medium, while Rt under the same concentration was ineffective. Experiments performed in vivo indicate that prior administration of the Rt – Fe complex in a dose of 12.5 µmol/kg dramatically eliminated LPS-induced pyrogenic reaction of in Wistar rats. From the above data, it can be concluded that complexation with bivalent iron enhances of antioxidant properties of Rt, leads to appearance of anti-inflammatory activity and expands the area of its possible pharmacological use.

Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and its correction

The frequency of anaemia in pregnant women varies from 15 to 30%, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common disorder, it accounts for about 90% of all anaemia. Iron deficiency adversely affects the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, the condition of the fetus and the newborn. The main complications of pregnancy in IDA are threatened miscarriage (20–42%); preeclampsia (40%); premature separation of placenta (25–35%); intrauterine growth restriction (25%); premature birth (11–42%).Daily intake of iron-containing drugs is more effective in preventing anaemia in mothers, and in reducing the risk of giving birth to children with low body weight. Daily iron supplementation in preventive programs may reduce the risk of anaemia in the mother at the time of delivery by 70%. It is preferable to take supplements that contain bivalent iron and possess a high degree of absorption, good tolerance by patients and minimal risk of side effects. Complex supplements containing vitamins and microelements are recommended for the treatment and prevention of IDA in pregnant women. Sorbifer Durules is one of such supplements. The Sorbifer Durules therapy of IDA in pregnant is highly effective treatment of therapy, which leads to normalization of hemogram parameters, improvement of the general condition of patients, reduction of obstetric and neonatal complications.

Comparative assessment of radial collector well elements with a new approach

In radial collector well design or rehabilitation it is extremely important to define the capacity of the location and the long-term sustainable discharge of the well. Where incrustation occurs, groundwater entrance velocities at horizontal screens also need to be determined. At Belgrade Groundwater Source, maximum permissible screen entrance velocities are correlated with the oxic state of the aquifer, expressed via the redox potential, and the concentration of bivalent iron in the groundwater. The entrance velocities limit the rate of screen incrustation and are based on the maximum permissible increase in local hydraulic resistance at the screens. This is a novel approach on a global scale. In the case of anoxic groundwater, the derived permissible entrance velocities are much lower than estimated by standard, commonly used methods. The new approach is believed to be a significant contribution to well design. Jaroslav Cerni Institute for the Development of Water Resources (JCI) has developed software for estimating 3D groundwater flow, which relatively easily and realistically simulates horizontal screens and riverbed configuration and conductivity. The software is an effective tool for determining the capacity of the location and of the radial collector well itself. It is especially useful where the aquifer system comprises a semi-permeable interbed between the water-bearing layer, in which the screens are emplaced, and the overlying strata. Acomparative hydrodynamic analysis of two wells at Belgrade Groundwater Source is presented in the paper. One of the wells (RB-16) clearly reflects the presence of a semi-permeable interbed, whereas the other (RB-46) does not.