Sex Differences in the Relation of Aggression to Social Dominance Orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism

<p>Two general population studies examined the association of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) with the Aggression Questionnaire, and any sex differences in this relationship. SDO and RWA were both associated with aggression; however, contradictory sex differences were found. In Study 1 (N = 270), SDO and aggression was associated for females but not males; the opposite was found in Study 2 (N = 178). A model of the relationships between SDO, RWA, sex, hostility, anger and physical aggression was constructed and evaluated for Study 1. Study 2 included additional measures including instrumental/expressive aggression, femininity/masculinity, gender group identification and sexism. SDO was related to instrumental aggression, suggesting that social dominators use aggression instrumentally. Masculinity/femininity did not have a major effect on the aggressionSDO/RWA relationship; however, gender identity mediated the relationship between sex and SDO, replicating previous challenges of the invariance hypothesis</p>

Sex Differences in the Relation of Aggression to Social Dominance Orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism

<p>Two general population studies examined the association of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) with the Aggression Questionnaire, and any sex differences in this relationship. SDO and RWA were both associated with aggression; however, contradictory sex differences were found. In Study 1 (N = 270), SDO and aggression was associated for females but not males; the opposite was found in Study 2 (N = 178). A model of the relationships between SDO, RWA, sex, hostility, anger and physical aggression was constructed and evaluated for Study 1. Study 2 included additional measures including instrumental/expressive aggression, femininity/masculinity, gender group identification and sexism. SDO was related to instrumental aggression, suggesting that social dominators use aggression instrumentally. Masculinity/femininity did not have a major effect on the aggressionSDO/RWA relationship; however, gender identity mediated the relationship between sex and SDO, replicating previous challenges of the invariance hypothesis</p>

Unemployment and labor force participation in Italy

PurposeOur main purpose is to test the unemployment invariance hypothesis in Italy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides an empirical investigation of the unemployment and labor force participation in Italy.FindingsCointegration analysis results strongly suggest a clear long-run relationship between unemployment and labor force participation revealing a persistent and general added worker effect.Originality/valueOur results seem to confute the unemployment invariance hypothesis.

Note on dark energy and cosmic transit in a scale-invariance cosmology

In general, the laws of physics are not invariant under a change of scale. To find out whether the “scale-invariance hypothesis” corresponds to nature or not, a careful examination to its implications is required. As a consequence, the scale-invariance cosmological models need to be carefully checked with many tests in order to confirm or disconfirm them. In this paper, three different toy models have been introduced in the framework of a scale-invariance cosmology to examine dark energy and cosmic transit. Although cosmic transit exists in the three models, the pressure stays always negative during cosmic evolution. In addition, there is always a singularity in the evolution of the equation of state parameter which is not suitable for a complete investigation of dark energy evolution. The undesirable features of the parameters have been discussed, and a comparison with other cosmological contexts has been done.

Fixation Induced Blindness

This article reports how fixation could convey visual stimuli to the invisibility region whether the stimuli are presented centrally or peripherally regardless the textures of the background. It also reports the impossibility of conveying visual stimulus to the invisibility region when the stimulus is not fixated, namely, when the stimulus is in motion. We started in discussing how visual fixation could convey a centrally presented stimulus (pink horse) into the invisibility region under certain conditions, and why breaking the aforementioned invisibility by an intentional saccade away from the fixational point allows the stimulus to exert a ghostly horse but with complementary colours. Scientists had been hypothesizing that image aftereffect is caused by neural adaptation. In another word, the retinal photoreceptors &amp; its corresponding neurological pathways to the visual awareness might be being idle, namely, the visual respective field might be idle. Idle visual receptive field seems to be the best explanation of the present illusion, namely, we see the light grayish background turned to greenish in the aforementioned desensitized receptive field. Important to mention, fixation greatly inhibits the spontaneous saccadic eye movements, and thus, it reduces the rooms of the receptive field remapping. Namely, every visual space will be possibly have unchangeable visual map in the brain. To arrest the aforementioned statements, we built a running stimulus to disallow the overlapping of the image and its aftereffect, and we found that the image cannot disappear. In another word, the visual awareness of the aforementioned stimulus would have ghostly &amp; cloudy green balls in between the original materials (purple balls). The previously mentioned finding confirms the role of the spontaneous saccadic movement in promoting visibility &amp; preventing the blindness, also see reference 1. We ended this research with asserting whether the claims against Emmert's law which raised doubts about the accurate compliance of the aforementioned law and size–distance invariance hypothesis. Weirdly enough, the claims are correct as if the image aftereffect projected against distant wall is following the dynamical visual angle but not the static one.

Unemployment invariance hypothesis, added and discouraged worker effects in Canada

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the long-run relationship between unemployment rate (UR) and labor force participation rate (LFPR) for men and women in Canada. Given that there are differences in the URs and participation rates of men and women, the authors perform separate analysis for them also. Design/methodology/approach The authors use co-integration analysis to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between UR and LFPR in Canada using time series monthly data for the past 40 years. Findings The finding that there is long-run relationship between UR and LFPR leads the authors to doubt the pertinence of the unemployment invariance hypothesis for Canada. The authors further find evidence for added-worker effect for men and discouraged-worker effect for women in Canada and the authors elaborate on the possible explanations for this seemingly contradictory finding. Practical implications The lack of support for the unemployment invariance hypotheses implies that changes in the participation rate which may be due to aging population, policies of early retirement or constraints on working time will affect the UR in the long run. Originality/value This paper investigates the unemployment invariance hypothesis in Canada to come up with policy implications about long-run UR. The authors further elaborate on the possible explanations for the added-worker effect for men and the discouraged-worker effect for women that the authors find in this study.

Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of Milton Friedman's Presidential Address

The centerpiece of Milton Friedman's (1968) presidential address to the American Economic Association, delivered in Washington, DC, on December 29, 1967, was the striking proposition that monetary policy has no longer-run effects on the real economy. Friedman focused on two real measures, the unemployment rate and the real interest rate, but the message was broader—in the longer run, monetary policy controls only the price level. We call this the monetary-policy invariance hypothesis. By 1968, macroeconomics had adopted the basic Phillips curve as the favored model of correlations between inflation and unemployment, and Friedman used the Phillips curve in the exposition of the invariance hypothesis. Friedman's presidential address was commonly interpreted as a recommendation to add a previously omitted variable, the rate of inflation anticipated by the public, to the right-hand side of what then became an augmented Phillips curve. We believe that Friedman's main message, the invariance hypothesis about long-term outcomes, has prevailed over the last half-century based on the broad sweep of evidence from many economies over many years. Subsequent research has not been kind to the Phillips curve, but we will argue that Friedman's exposition of the invariance hypothesis in terms of a 1960s-style Phillips curve is incidental to his main message.