Multiresolution Time-Domain Scheme for Terminal Response of Two-Conductor Transmission Lines

This paper derives a multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) scheme for the two-conductor lossless transmission line equations based on Daubechies’ scaling functions. And a method is proposed to generate the scheme at the terminal and near the terminal of the lines. The stability and numerical dispersion of this scheme are studied, and the proposed scheme shows a better dispersion property than the conventional FDTD method. Then the MRTD scheme is extended to the two-conductor lossy transmission line equations. The MRTD scheme is implemented with different basis functions for both lossless and lossy transmission lines. Numerical results show that the MRTD schemes which use the scaling functions with high vanishing moment obtain more accurate results.

Application of the BLT Equation for Radiation Field Calculation for Double Transmission Line

By the excitation of the electromagnetic signal, double transmission line will inducing a voltage and current, thereby creating the space radiation field. Based on infinitesimal current source radiation field and by the convenience of the terminal response aspects of solving transmission line of BLT equation, the double transmission line is derived and gets the analytical solution.

Bathy Phytochromes in Rhizobial Soil Bacteria

ABSTRACT Phytochromes are biliprotein photoreceptors that are found in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Prototypical phytochromes have a Pr ground state that absorbs in the red spectral range and is converted by light into the Pfr form, which absorbs longer-wavelength, far-red light. Recently, some bacterial phytochromes have been described that undergo dark conversion of Pr to Pfr and thus have a Pfr ground state. We show here that such so-called bathy phytochromes are widely distributed among bacteria that belong to the order Rhizobiales. We measured in vivo spectral properties and the direction of dark conversion for species which have either one or two phytochrome genes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 contains one bathy phytochrome and a second phytochrome which undergoes dark conversion of Pfr to Pr in vivo. The related species Agrobacterium vitis S4 contains also one bathy phytochrome and another phytochrome with novel spectral properties. Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841, Rhizobium etli CIAT652, and Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 contain a single phytochrome of the bathy type, whereas Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2 contains a single phytochrome with dark conversion of Pfr to Pr. We propose that bathy phytochromes are adaptations to the light regime in the soil. Most bacterial phytochromes are light-regulated histidine kinases, some of which have a C-terminal response regulator subunit on the same protein. According to our phylogenetic studies, the group of phytochromes with this domain arrangement has evolved from a bathy phytochrome progenitor.