The indirect route of securing interest of consumers and competitors under the EU competition law

The theme of the present article is to deliver the notion that in order to enforce competition rules which, are aimed at maintaining a balance between profitability of the competitors and welfare of the consumers, the crucial aspect in attainting it is a healthy competitive market. Therefore, an attempt is made to analyses the role and practice of the European Courts and the Commission in protecting the structure of the competitive market as a means to secure the interests of the consumers and competitors. To convey the notion of the paper, sustenance from one of the imperative decisions given by the European Court of Justice purporting the predominant idea has been taken from the case of GlaxoSmithKline v Commission1 and other relevant cases from the locales of Article 101 coupled with Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The idea is to critically discuss the rationale of the decision delivered by the hierarchy of courts, the object-effect dichotomy under Article 101(1) for apprehending anti- competitive conduct, and to reflect upon the Commission guidelines.

Kompleksitas Obyek dan Running-Wheel Mempengaruhi Novel Object Recognition Test pada Mencit (Mus musculus)

This research aimed to confirm the tendency of mice to novel object, effect of exercise (in running-wheel) toward memory of mice and to test tendency of mice in avoiding predator signal in novel object. Novel object recognition test (NORT) used to test the memory the day after acquisition phase (NORT I) and memory one week after exercise was given (running-wheel) (NORT II). The result showed that there was no tendency of mice in exploring toward novel object in both NORT I and NORT II. This might happen because the complexity of familiar object higher than novel object, so the familiar object could accommodate more activities. Exercise using running-wheel in mice had an effect on memory, it could be seen in decreasing duration of object exploration time from NORT I to NORT II. There was no tendency in avoiding predator’s signal on novel object which was attached by urine addition (odor signal).

Study on Metal Thermal Reduction of Caustic Calcined Dolomite Based Compound Desulfurizer

Caustic calcined dolomite based compound desulfurizer by the aluminum thermal reduction was taken as study object. Effect of fluxing agent, reaction time and experimental temperature on the weightlessness of compound desulfurizer was studied. The result showed that the weightlessness of compound desulfurizer decreases slightly with the increase of fluxing agent CaF2 content. When the content of SiO2 changes from 12% to 20%, the weightlessness of compound desulfurizer which is basically about 27.5% changes a little. With the increase of experimental temperature and reaction time, the weightlessness of compound desulfurizer is gradually increased. When the reaction time and temperature is respectively 20min and 1300°C, the weightlessness of compound desulfurizer is 31.80%.

Study on the Influence Factor of the Caustic Calcined Dolomite Based Compound Desulfurizer Melt Point

Caustic calcined dolomite based compound desulfurizer by the silicon thermal reduction method was taken as study object. Effect of fluxing agent and heating agent on caustic calcined dolomite based compound desulfurizer melting point was studied. The result showed that heating agent was the major influential factor for the melting point of compound desulfurizer, melting point of the compound desulfurizer gradually reduced with the increase of heating agent. Fluxing agents of CaF2 and SiO2 were the minor influential factors for the melting point of compound desulfurizer. The lowest melting point condition for the compound desulfurizer was：7% CaF2+11% Al2O3+17% SiO2 + 56% heating agent.

Object, Intensity and Subject Variables in Visual Evoked Response

10 subjects were studied to determine AEP effects of square, circle, and blank stimuli with variable stimulus intensity For the group as a whole, object and intensity effects were significant on a number of amplitude and latency measures, but the object effect appears largely to reflect the presence or absence of a figure, rather than its nature. Increased intensity differentially affected latency, shortening the first negative deflection while lengthening the second positive. Amplitude is generally increased with higher intensity. Analysis of within-subjects effects showed considerable variability as to which parameters were significantly related to the independent variables in individual subjects. A repeated-measures, within-subjects research strategy is seen as appropriate on the basis of these data.