Long-lasting and responsive DNA/enzyme-based programs in serum-supplemented extracellular media

DNA molecular programs are emerging as promising pharmaceutical approaches due to their versatility for biomolecular sensing and actuation. However, the implementation of DNA programs has been mainly limited to serum-deprived in vitro assays due to the fast deterioration of the DNA reaction networks by the nucleases present in the serum. Here, we show that DNA/enzyme programs are functional in serum for 24h but are latter disrupted by nucleases that give rise to parasitic amplification. To overcome this, we implement 3-letter code networks that suppress autocatalytic parasites while still conserving the functionality of DNA/enzyme programs for at least 3 days in the presence of 10% serum. In addition, we define a new buffer that further increases the biocompatibility and conserves responsiveness to changes in molecular composition across time. Finally, we demonstrate how serum-supplemented extracellular DNA molecular programs remain responsive to molecular inputs in the presence of living cells, having responses 6-fold faster than cellular division rate and are sustainable for at least 3 cellular divisions. This demonstrates the possibility of implementing in situ biomolecular characterization tools for serum-demanding in vitro models. We foresee that the coupling of chemical reactivity to our DNA programs by aptamers or oligonucleotide conjugations will allow the implementation of extracellular synthetic biology tools, which will offer new biomolecular pharmaceutical approaches and the emergence of complex and autonomous in vitro models.

New Pathotype Nomenclature for Better Characterisation the Virulence and Diversity of Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae Populations

Fungal cereal pathogens, including Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae, have the ability to adapt to specific conditions, which in turn leads to overcoming host resistance. An important aspect is the standardized way of characterizing the races and pathotypes of the pathogen. In the presented work, for the first time it was proposed to use a unified letter code that allows describing the pathotypes of B. graminis f.sp. avenae. The set of 14 oat genotypes were used as a differential set. This set included genotypes having so far described powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1–Pm11, and two genotypes (A. sterilis and A. strigosa) with effective sources of resistance to Bga. Based on the analysis of 160 Bga isolates collected in 2016–2019 from 4 locations in Poland, the most numerous was the TBBB pathotype, represented by 30% of the tested isolates. It was present in all analyzed populations. Subsequently, 8.1% and 6.3% of the isolates represented the TBCB and RBBB pathotypes, respectively.

Three Monuments

Chapter 16 is the last of the music chapters. It focuses on Tallis’s three most monumental works. The first work is the seven-voice Puer natus mass, built around an esoteric number-and-letter code in the tenor part; this piece was rediscovered only in the twentieth century and remains an enigma. The second work is the votive antiphon Gaude gloriosa, the boldest and most ambitious of all Tallis’s works in the traditional pre-Reformation English style. The third work is his forty-part motet Spem in alium, composed on a scale that was never equaled or even attempted by any other Tudor composer. This chapter discusses these three big pieces, their musical and cultural contexts, and their possible origins.

Automorphisms of automatic shifts

In this paper we continue the study of automorphism groups of constant-length substitution shifts and also their topological factors. We show that, up to conjugacy, all roots of the identity map are letter-exchanging maps, and all other non-trivial automorphisms arise from twisted compressions of another constant-length substitution. We characterize the group of roots of the identity in both the measurable and topological setting. Finally, we show that any topological factor of a constant-length substitution shift is topologically conjugate to a constant-length substitution shift via a letter-to-letter code.

AGAT-Syntax as component of computer-based Ukrainian grammar

The article describes functional features of the syntactic module of computer-based Ukrainian grammar AGAT. This is a linguistic type of computer-aided syntactic analysis, which provides full information about syntactic units and categories, in particular, predicativity, coordinate and subordinate clauses, the categories of subject and predicate etc. The developed linguistic software provides syntactic analysis of a whole sentence in the form of a dependency tree and indicates the types of syntactic relations and links. The AGAT-syntax task is to identify all varieties of compatibility – predicative, subordinate, and coordinate – of each word in the text. The grammatical characteristics of the phrase directly depend on which part of the language its keyword belongs to. The lexical and grammatical nature of the word determines its compatibility to the other words. Accordingly, phrases can be divided into substantive, adjective, pronouns, numeral, verbal and adverbial. Computer sub-grammars of valencies of the said parts of the language are built by us on a single principle: a lexema is indicated, preposition that participates in government and a case of a substantive word form in the shape of a two-letter code. In theory, according to their composition words combinations (phrases) are divided into simple, complex and combined. Dependency tree is built from two elements – nodes and connections. Nodes are wordforms and connections are relationships between the main element (“master”) and dependent element (“slave”). It enables to describe a configuration, a form, external parameters of a sentence but this is not sufficient to describe a sentence structure. Thus, the syntactic analysis has two levels: the first one attributes to each binary pair a type of syntactic relationships on the level of morphological way of expression of a “master”; the second level attributes to the connection a type of syntactic relationships, which include: subjective, objective, attributive, adverbial, completive and appositive modifying.. In such a way, the cycle of automated syntactic analysis of Ukrainian texts is completed by determining the syntactic word-combination, identifying a type of syntactic link and a type of relationship. It provides full range of characteristics that can be used for systemic study of semantic and syntactic problems. Keywords: automated syntactic analysis, dependency tree, syntactic relations, syntactic links.

A compositional letter code in high-level visual cortex explains how we read jumbled words

ABSTRACTWe read words and even jubmled wrods effortlessly, but the neural representations underlying this remarkable ability remain unknown. We hypothesized that word processing is driven by a visual representation that is compositional i.e. with string responses systematically related to letters. To test this hypothesis, we devised a model in which neurons tuned to letter shape respond to longer strings by linearly summing letter responses. This letter model explained human performance in both visual search as well as word reading tasks. Brain imaging revealed that viewing a string activates this compositional letter code in the lateral occipital (LO) region, and that subsequent comparisons to known words are computed by the visual word form area (VWFA). Thus, seeing a word activates a compositional letter code that enables efficient reading.

Receptions of mechanical equipment used to stimulate the memory process in the department of medical biology and genetics UGMU

The article is devoted to the problem of finding productive pedagogical and psychological techniques that help to structure a large amount of information in a short time. As a solution to this issue, it is proposed to use methods of mnemotechnics for students to master complex biological material. The paper presents the results of a study by the authors, which showed that the most difficult for students of the course of cytology are associated with a large amount of memorization units, and the most effective technique used to study this topic is the letter code.