Loev Campaign of Ukrainian Army in 1649: Debating Points and Open Questions

One of the significant events of Ukraine's struggle for independence during the first period of the National Revolution (1648 – June 1652) was Loev campaign of its troops, which despite the defeat and hetman S.M. Krychevsky’s death nevertheless prevented the Lithuanians invasion. Though for the first time in historiography V. Lypynskyі proved convincingly in his monographic study the falsity of neglecting its role in the Ukrainian-Polish military-political confrontation in the summer of 1649, as well as the works of subsequent scholars (including modern ones) did. But up to now Lithuanian theater of hostilities has been considered traditionally as an event with a minor effect. However this is far from the case! For example although it was not decisive in 1649 and 1651, it is by no means possible to interpret as something insignificant. It is firstly. Secondly, except for confessions ("confession") of captured Ukrainian soldiers and rebels, the lack of Ukrainian origin sources (no one letter, universal, report, diary, message or the story of the battle participant have been saved) is still a major obstacle for the reconstruction by the researchers of more or less a complete picture of the Ukrainian army’s Loev campaign. They only managed to reproduce the most important events in very general / contour features and even then through the prism of information material from Lithuanian and Polish sources. Instead, its course with the Lithuanian units’ participation is depicted scrupulously thanks to the efforts of Polish authors. However in general due to the schematic presentation of the Ukrainian command strategic plan, the steps taken for its implementation, the factors that significantly changed the course of the battle and determined its results, the overall panorama of the event looks somewhat simplified, devoid of internal dynamics and drama and in some ways with the spraying of popularity while imaging the infallibility of the Lithuanian polny hetman J. Radziwill decisions and actions. In order to outline the ways to correct shortcomings and fill scientific gaps the author’s research focus is on identifying a number of actual problems of the Ukrainian army’s Loev campaign. Having analyzed heritage and discovered source base, the author considers those actual problems need rethinking, finding new ways to solve them, further discussions or even starting their study. They included the following ones: to clarify the essence of B. Khmelnytsky's strategic plan, developed in May-June, regarding the place and role of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in the forthcoming campaign against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; to find out the time and place of the Acting Hetman S. Krychevsky departure to the Lithuanian theater of hostilities and the route of its promotion; to specify the number of soldiers who took part in the battle on both sides; to find out the essence of S. Krychevsky’s activity since his appearance in Chernobyl (about July, 8) till the capture of Kholmech (July, 29); to determine the nature of his relations with colonel S. Pobodailo, who defended the crossing of the Dnieper opposite Loev; to coverage the action plan of the latter, the reasons for their passivity and inconsistency with the attack of the Acting Hetman on the Lithuanian camp in the morning of July, 31, etc. The author is aware that hoping for their full clarification will be a fiction until the sources which had been created by Ukrainians, the participants of the campaign are found. Nevertheless, the painstaking work of researchers in archives and manuscripts departments of scientific libraries in Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania and other countries will undoubtedly enrich the existing source base as a whole and contribute, albeit slightly, to enrich knowledge in the study of this problem.

Assessment of the uneven use of information resources in the business process circuit

An approach is proposed for assessing the uneven use of information resources in the organization’s business processes. Formal representations of the organization’s business processes and security systems are presented, reflecting both business operations carried out in a certain sequence and information resources that ensure the implementation of the relevant business operations, the place of information resources in the general outline of business processes is indicated. The circuits of the security system business processes of and the business processes of the main object of modeling are considered, including both business processes for managing security and business processes for ensuring security management. The assessment of the non-uniform use of information resources in a business process scheme is based on the consistent construction of an information resource incidence matrix for individual business operations, a frequency relationship matrix reflecting the sharing of information resources, and a matrix of derivatives in a discrete formulation. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a conditional example containing both the notional costs of information resources and weighting factors of the importance of business operations that reflect their criticality in the general contour of business processes. Estimates obtained as a result of applying the approach make it possible to group information resources, focusing on the frequency of their joint use in the business processes, which ultimately makes it possible to justify the choice of information resources for protection against threats from cyber intruders.

Modelling Associative-Semantic Content as Regards the Logic-of-Semantics Dimension of the Adolescents’ Speech

Objective. The article deals with the analysis of the trends in the logic of the semantic organization of the speech and mental activity of adolescents as regards the dimension of the available semantic environment and that of the speech competences of an individual. It is stated that information about the world is systematized by human consciousness in the form of an associative-verbal field, whose producing and modelling is one of the ways of representing the speech competence of an individual shaping his/her destiny. Materials & Methods. In view of the above, an empirical research of the distinctive features of expanding semantic content of the adolescents' speech consciousness as regards the dimension of the logic-of-semantics organization of the mental and speech activity was performed using the diagnostic potential of a free associative experiment. A system of relevant ways of construction and associative expansion of meanings in the semantic field of the speech consciousness of adolescents was chosen as the subject of the research. Results. Drawing on the results of the frequency analysis of the use of typical associative patterns for organizing the semantic field of speech, it was stated that the most represented among adolescents is a semantic way of reasoning based on the identification signs of the general contour of the trigger word at the level of its meaning. It was proved that the greatest changes in the logic of expanding associative semantic content are observed among older adolescents, which is interpreted as the result of fundamental changes in the strategies for cognitive processing of information flows. Conclusions. A conclusion was drawn about the stable tendency towards the standardization and unification of speech in adolescents during their transition to adulthood, and the reduction in the heuristic resource of the intellectual activity of older adolescent pupils was noted. In this context, the purposeful formation of speech and mental competences of an individual, the acquisition by adolescents of efficient methods of the logic-of-semantics organization of the associative semantic content of speech is defined as a necessary prerequisite for the personality development, as well as that for the speech and mental development of an individual.

Extraction of Affine Invariant Features Using Fractal

An approach based on fractal is presented for extracting affine invariant features. Central projection transformation is employed to reduce the dimensionality of the original input pattern, and general contour (GC) of the pattern is derived. Affine invariant features cannot be extracted from GC directly due to shearing. To address this problem, a group of curves (which are called shift curves) are constructed from the obtained GC. Fractal dimensions of these curves can readily be computed and constitute a new feature vector for the original pattern. The derived feature vector is used in question for pattern recognition. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method can be used for object classification.

Cutting Affine Moment Invariants

The extraction of affine invariant features plays an important role in many fields of image processing. In this paper, the original image is transformed into new images to extract more affine invariant features. To construct new images, the original image is cut in two areas by a closed curve, which is called general contour (GC). GC is obtained by performing projections along lines with different polar angles. New image is obtained by changing gray value of pixels in inside area. The traditional affine moment invariants (AMIs) method is applied to the new image. Consequently, cutting affine moment invariants (CAMIs) are derived. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the proposed method. Experimental results show that CAMIs can be used in object classification tasks.

Robust Affine Invariant Descriptors

An approach is developed for the extraction of affine invariant descriptors by cutting object into slices. Gray values associated with every pixel in each slice are summed up to construct affine invariant descriptors. As a result, these descriptors are very robust to additive noise. In order to establish slices of correspondence between an object and its affine transformed version, general contour (GC) of the object is constructed by performing projection along lines with different polar angles. Consequently, affine in-variant division curves are derived. A slice is formed by points fall in the region enclosed by two adjacent division curves. To test and evaluate the proposed method, several experiments have been conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very robust to noise.

Asymptotic Power Series of Field Correlators

We address the problem of ambiguity of a function determined by an asymptotic perturbation expansion. Using a modified form of theWatson lemma recently proved elsewhere, we discuss a large class of functions determined by the same asymptotic power expansion and represented by various forms of integrals of the Laplace-Borel type along a general contour in the Borel complex plane. Some remarks on possible applications in QCD are made.

Theory of Anisotropic Thin-Walled Beams

Asymptotically correct, linear theory is presented for thin-walled prismatic beams made of generally anisotropic materials. Consistent use of small parameters that are intrinsic to the problem permits a natural description of all thin-walled beams within a common framework, regardless of whether cross-sectional geometry is open, closed, or strip-like. Four “classical” one-dimensional variables associated with extension, twist, and bending in two orthogonal directions are employed. Analytical formulas are obtained for the resulting 4×4 cross-sectional stiffness matrix (which, in general, is fully populated and includes all elastic couplings) as well as for the strain field. Prior to this work no analytical theories for beams with closed cross sections were able to consistently include shell bending strain measures. Corrections stemming from those measures are shown to be important for certain cases. Contrary to widespread belief, it is demonstrated that for such “classical” theories, a cross section is not rigid in its own plane. Vlasov’s correction is shown to be unimportant for closed sections, while for open cross sections asymptotically correct formulas for this effect are provided. The latter result is an extension to a general contour of a result for I-beams previously published by the authors. [S0021-8936(00)03003-8]