Electrochemical Assessment of Indigo Carmine Dye in Lithium Metal Polymer Technology

Lithium metal batteries are inspiring renewed interest in the battery community because the most advanced designs of Li-ion batteries could be on the verge of reaching their theoretical specific energy density values. Among the investigated alternative technologies for electrochemical storage, the all-solid-state Li battery concept based on the implementation of dry solid polymer electrolytes appears as a mature technology not only to power full electric vehicles but also to provide solutions for stationary storage applications. With an effective marketing started in 2011, BlueSolutions keeps developing further the so-called lithium metal polymer batteries based on this technology. The present study reports the electrochemical performance of such Li metal batteries involving indigo carmine, a cheap and renewable electroactive non-soluble organic salt, at the positive electrode. Our results demonstrate that this active material was able to reversibly insert two Li at an average potential of ≈2.4 V vs. Li+/Li with however, a relatively poor stability upon cycling. Post-mortem analyses revealed the poisoning of the Li electrode by Na upon ion exchange reaction between the Na countercations of indigo carmine and the conducting salt. The use of thinner positive electrodes led to much better capacity retention while enabling the identification of two successive one-electron plateaus.

Structure–Property Relationship of Polymerized Ionic Liquids for Solid-State Electrolyte Membranes

Eight new polymerized ammonium-based ionic liquids were prepared as thin membrane films and evaluated within the scope of their usage in lithium-ion batteries. The focus of this work is to get a better understanding of the influence of structural modifications of the monomers on the polymerized materials. Further, different concentrations of a lithium-ion conducting salt were applied in order to receive an optimized combination of monomer structure and lithium salt concentration. It was found that an increased side chain length of the studied ammonium-based polymerized ionic liquids leads to a reduction in glass transition temperatures and increased ionic conductivity values. As a result of the addition of conducting salt to the PIL membranes, the glass transition temperatures and the ionic conductivity values decreases. Nevertheless, PFG-NMR reveals a higher lithium-ion mobility for a sample with higher conducting salt content.

Alkoxycyanoborates: metal salts and low-viscosity ionic liquids

Alkoxycyanoborates including low-viscosity ionic liquids which are promising materials in particular for electrochemical applications and Li[CH3OB(CN)3], which is a potential conducting salt, are presented.

Pengembangan Ekonomi Desa melalui Kampung Garam (Studi Kasus Desa Bunder Kecamatan Pademawu Kabupaten Pamekasan Madura)

The purpose of this research was to obtain an overview and analyze the patterns of economic development in the village of Bunder, Pademawu Pamekasan District. The research employed descriptive analytical-qualitative methods. The research illustrated that the village of Bunder was a village on the coast with considerable salt potential. The majority of the people earned their living as salt farmers. Based on the Pamekasan Regent program to facilitate the management and economic development in the village, a thematic village was formed, the formation of these thematic villages based on the local potential of the region. Therefore, the village of Bunder was designated as "Village of Salt". The wealth and beautiful panorama of salt in this village motivated the community to build a "Salt Edu-tourism", a tourist destination besides conducting salt recrystallization efforts with a boiled salt system. The conclusion of the research was that the economic development of the village through the salt village was a form of competitive economic development.Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran dan menganalisis pola pengembangan ekonomi desa di Desa Bunder Kecamatan Pademawu Pamekasan. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis kualitatif. Penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa Desa Bunder merupakan desa di pesisir dengan potensi garam yang cukup besar. Mayoritas masyarakatnya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani garam. Berdasarkan program Bupati Pamekasan untuk memudahkan dalam pengelolaan dan pengembangan ekonomi di desa perlu dibentuk desa tematik, pembentukan desa tematik ini berbasis potensi lokal wilayah tersebut. Oleh karena maka Desa Bunder ditetapkan sebagai “Kampung Garam”. Kekayaan dan panorama garam yang indah di desa ini memberikan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk membangun sebuah destinasi “Eduwisata Garam” selain itu juga dilakukan usaha rekristalisasi garam dengan sistem garam rebus. Simpulan penelitian bahwa pengembangan ekonomi desa melalui kampung garam adalah sebagai bentuk pembangunan ekonomi yang berdaya saing.

Investigation of Salt Intrusion Condition in the Belat Estuary

Awareness on salt intrusion problem is still lacking in Malaysia due to high precipitation in the region. However, the El-Nino phenomenon that occurred recently has caused extremely low fresh water discharge in the Kuantan River which allowed the sea water to intrude further into its water intake region. Consequently, the Belat River may become potential water resources alternative to build new water intake station for the water supply in the Kuantan River Basin. The aims of this study are to: 1) investigate the salinity distribution in the Belat Estuary; 2) evaluate the applicability of the 1-D analytical salt intrusion solution; 3) determine the calibration parameters in the salt intrusion model. Salt intrusion measurements was conducted during the dry season at spring tide when the fresh water discharge is the minimum. Collection of data such as hydrological data, river cross section and salinity were collected to be used in the salt intrusion analysis. The results obtained show good agreement between the simulated and observed salinity distribution in the estuary with low RMSE and high NSE values. This indicates that the model is reliable and can become an important tool for water manager in conducting salt intrusion study for this area.

Evaluation of different plasma conditions and resolutions for understanding elemental organophosphorus analysis via GC-ICP-SF-MS

The state-of-the-art electrolyte in lithium ion battery application is composed of a solvent mixture of organic carbonates and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as the conducting salt.