A Kinetic Study on the Synthesis of N-arylation of Indole Under Synergetic Effect of Multi-Site Phase Transfer Catalysis System

Background: Phase transfer catalysis technique is recognized as an attractive method for synthesizing several organic compounds under heterogeneous reaction. Methods: In this study, the effect of Multi-site Phase-Transfer Catalyst (MPTC) was tested during the synthesis of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-indole from 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (CNB) and indole in a heterogeneous solid-liquid condition using sodium hydroxide at 50°C. Results: In a synergetic condition, in the presence of MPTC the conversion of 1-chloro-4- nitrobenzeneyield was increased, which is proved the efficacy of this catalyst. In addition, the rate of this reaction was also enhanced by the change in volume of water. Conclusion: The apparent reaction rate was found to be of pseudo-first-order kinetics. MPTC is a promising tool for many organic reactions. Therefore, increase the rate constant can be achieved by various parameters, such as temperature, MPTC, sodium hydroxide, and stirring speed.

Synthesis of 1-butoxy-4-tert-butylbenzene under The Effect of Multi-site Phase Transfer Catalysis System – A Kinetic Study

Phase transfer catalysis technique proved to be a useful method for synthesizing various organic compounds under heterogeneous reactions and recognized as a viable environmentally friendly. The influence of a new multi site phase transfer catalyst (MPTC) is the synthesis of 1-butoxy-4-tertbutylbenzene from 4-tert-butylphenol with 1-bromobutane (BB) under heterogeneous solid-liquid condition using potassium hydroxide as a base at 60 °C. The higher conversion of 1-bromobutane was achieved by using the synergistic condition of multi-site phase transfer catalyst in better efficacy. The reaction rate enhanced by decreases the volume of water. The apparent the reaction rate was found to be pseudo-first order kinetics. The apparent rate constant was increased linearly with the increase in the concentration of various parameters, such as: MPTC, temperature, potassium hydroxide, and stirring speed. The activation energy (Ea) was also calculated through the Arrhenius plot. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

High-resolution imaging of autophagosome formation by LC3 and ATG12 in cells using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy

Background Autophagy is an intracellular self-eating system that plays a central role in cellular recycling. The formation of functional autophagosomes depends on several autophagy- related proteins, including LC3 and Atg12. To analyse an autophagy system, it is essential to precisely examine the cellular functions of cells in liquid condition. For this purpose, we have developed a novel scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) for nanoscale observations of intact cells in aqueous conditions. Results Here, we first show that our SE-ADM system observes LC3- and Atg12-containing autophagosomes in cells labelled with antibody-binding gold nano-colloids in medium. We observe that during autophagosome formation, Atg12 localises along the actin mesh structure, whereas LC3 forms arcuate or circular alignments. Our system also detects the different distribution properties of LC3 and Atg12. Atg12 is broadly distributed, whereas LC3 is localised over a smaller range. These differences in spatial-distribution manifest as differently sized spots on fluorescence optical microscopy. Conclusion The direct SE-ADM observations of living cells incubated with nanoparticles in a medium may be useful for analysing various cell functions.

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA

Classic problems that are often encountered in Small and Medium Enterprises are generally related to the lack of management capabilities in working capital management. These limitations cause difficulties in measuring the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. Measurement of financial performance, generally uses complex financial indicators for large companies so that it is not suitable when applied to Small and Medium Enterprises. This study aims to determine the condition of the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the City of Tasikmalaya. Measurement of financial performance uses simple financial ratios, which consist of current ratio, debt ratio and net margin ratio. The population and sample in this study are Small and Medium Enterprises in the Creative Industry Sector in the City of Tasikmalaya with 48 Small and Medium Enterprises. In addition to in-depth interviews with Small and Medium Enterprises, documentation studies were also conducted to collect secondary data. Processing data using a comparative or comparison method. The results of data processing show that the financial position of most of the Small and Medium Enterprises in Tasikmalaya City is in a liquid condition because the position of current assets is still greater than the current debt, and the profitability is quite good. Permasalahan klasik yang sering ditemui pada Usaha Kecil Menengah, umumnya berkaitan dengan minimnya kemampuan manajemen dalam pengelolaan modal kerja. Keterbatasan tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan dalam pengukuran kinerja keuangan Usaha Kecil Menengah. Pengukuran kinerja keuangan, umumnya menggunakan indikator keuangan yang kompleks untuk perusahaan besar sehingga tidak sesuai bila diterapkan pada Usaha Kecil Menengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi kinerja keuangan Usaha Kecil Menengah di Kota Tasikmalaya. Pengukuran kinerja keuangan menggunakan rasio keuangan sederhana, yang terdiri dari current rasio, debt rasio dan net margin rasio. Metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Adapun yang menjadi populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Usaha Kecil Menengah pada Sektor Industri Kreatif di Kota Tasikmalaya sebanyak 48 Usaha Kecil dan Menengah. Selain wawancara mendalam dengan pelaku Usaha Kecil Menengah, dan Dinas KUKM Kota Tasikmalaya, studi dokumentasi juga dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data sekunder. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode komparatif atau perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa posisi keuangan sebagian besar Usaha Kecil Menengah di Kota Tasikmalaya berada dalam kondisi yang likuid karena posisi harta lancar masih lebih besar daripada utang lancarnya, serta profitabilitas yang cukup baik. Hal ini terlihat dari kondisi current rasio yang menunjukkan

Using Fast Hot Shock Wave Consolidation Technology to Produce Superconducting MgB2

The original hot shock wave assisted consolidation method combining high temperature was applied with the two-stage explosive process without any further sintering to produce superconducting materials with high density and integrity. The consolidation of MgB2 billets was performed at temperatures above the Mg melting point and up to 1000oC in partially liquid condition of Mg-2B blend powders. The influence of the type of boron (B) isotope in the composition on critical temperature and superconductive properties was evaluated. An example of a hybrid Cu-MgB2–Cu superconducting tube is demonstrated and conclusions are discussed.

Thermal Cycling Toughness and Strength Estimation of Cryogenic Filled Tank

At present, technologies based on liquid natural gas (LNG) using start to find a wide use. They also demand technologies of working fluid storage and transportation in cryogenic liquid condition. The working fluid will be used after its regasification from cryogenic liquid condition. When the gas cylinder is filled with gas, there is a danger of exceeding the temperature stresses in the cylinder walls. For the study, there is a method for calculating unsteady thermal conductivity for studying the temperature stresses in the wall of a gas cylinder during its interaction with an evaporating cryogen. This method is used for determining the thermoelastic stresses of the cryogenic filled tank. The CAE- calculation of the strength of the cryogenic filled tank is also done.

The assessment of the impact of the chosen exploational conditions of hydraulic arrangement on the working liquid condition

Hydraulic systems in modern vehicles and agricultural machines have many components. In order to achieve high efficiency of the system, the system requires an accurate filtration system that allows you to reduce the amount of contaminants. Therefore, an important aspect is to determine the content of impurities in the working liquid, so we can diagnose and then predict the durability of the entire hydraulic system. This paper presents selected methods and means of state assessment, as well as the methodology for testing the working fluid. The results of experimental studies conducted in accordance with the developed methodology have been presented, which made it possible to obtain an appropriate analysis of results and draw appropriate conclusions. The results of the research confirmed the validity of the research activities undertaken using the passive experiment.