Artificially making Lifeform

The word ‘life’ is a mysterious word with a chart of attributes that have neither been completed nor has been agreed upon by the race of humans. Probably the proper definition of life is impossible to identify for humans (the proof for this claim is given later) but the handbook to the secret shall be updated till the end, thanks to the inquisitive attitude of humans. For this piece, we shall adopt the description from the professional medical community of today. Though this topic falls midway between science and philosophy, this project is strictly technical. To quote dictionary.com, Life is the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction and the power of adaptation to environment- through changes originating internally; cambridge.com teaches Life is the period between birth and death, or the experience or state of being alive; medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com states Life is the property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organisms. There are several other definitions but to summarize, we can safely state that though the concept is somewhat vague, we could indeed point out some common principles. We shall, in this project, try to replicate the characteristics so as to attain life in medical terms. (The order does not base upon importance of the listed character since the characters, all of them are absolute essentials and cannot possibly be categorized as more or less important). 1) Metabolism 2) Growth 3) Adaptability 4) Birth 5) Death 6) Self-stimulated response to environment 7) Reproduction 8) Can sustain self without foreign intervention Keywords: artificial, life, intelligence, computer, programming, algorithm This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Lean & Green on Industry 4.0 Context – Contribution to Understand L&G Drivers and Design Principles

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the implementation of Lean & Green (L&G) in an Industry 4.0 (I4.0) environment can enhance the potential impact of the L&G approach and help manufacturing companies moving towards higher operational and sustainable performances. The research work developed here shows that although a proper definition of L&G is neither exposed worldwide nor explicitly implemented under that name, the current industrial firms are deeply concerned about the demanding challenge of keeping businesses flexible and agile without forgetting strategies to minimize the acceleration of climate change. So, one contribution of this paper is the identification and characterization of L&G drivers and design principles, supporting a robust and well-informed L&G systems implementation. As inferred from the research work, this challenge demands high quality and updated data together with assertive information. Thus, the implementation of L&G in I4.0 contexts is the answer to overcome the identified barriers. Likewise, an L&G system contributes to overcoming the challenges of I4.0 implementation regarding the triple bottom line sustainability concept. Consequently, another contribution of this paper is to depict why an L&G system performs better in the I4.0 context.

General relativity’s energy and positivity: a brief history

I give a brief review of the search for a proper definition of energy in General Relativity (GR), a far from trivial quest, which was only completed after four and a half decades. The equally (or perhaps more) difficult task of establishing its positivity—it was to take another 15 plus years—will then be summarized. Extension to cosmological GR is included. Mention is made of some recent offshoots. An invitation to submit a review to the Proceedings of the Royal Society prompts revisiting a subject of central importance both to GR and to my own past research—its energy definition and positivity. While there are no loose ends left, a summary may be of some use to students and non-experts. Exposure to introductory GR is useful. We will divide this survey into two unequal parts: first, the original GR without a cosmological constant, then extend it to the rather different two cases of Λ ≠ 0 .

Case Report: EBV Chronic Infection and Lymphoproliferation in Four APDS Patients: The Challenge of Proper Characterization, Therapy, and Follow-Up

Activated PI3K-kinase Delta Syndrome (APDS) is an autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiency (PID) caused by the constitutive activation of the PI3Kδ kinase. The consequent hyperactivation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway leads to an impaired T- and B-cells differentiation and function, causing progressive lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and hyper IgM. Patients with APDS show recurrent sinopulmonary and chronic herpes virus infections, immune dysregulation manifestations, including cytopenia, arthritis, inflammatory enteropathy, and a predisposition to persistent non-neoplastic splenomegaly/lymphoproliferation and lymphoma. The recurrence of the lymphoproliferative disorder and the difficulties in the proper definition of malignancy on histological examination represents the main challenge in the clinical management of APDS patients, since a prompt and correct diagnosis is needed to avoid major complications. Targeted therapies with PI3Kδ-Akt-mTOR pathway pharmacologic inhibitors (i.e., Rapamycin, Theophylline, PI3K inhibitors) represent a good therapeutic strategy. They can also be used as bridge therapies when HSCT is required in order to control refractory symptoms. Indeed, treated patients showed a good tolerance, improved immunologic phenotype and reduced incidence/severity of immune dysregulation manifestations. Here, we describe our experience in the management of four patients, one male affected with APDS1 (P1) and the other three, a male and two females, with APDS2 (P2, P3, P4) presenting with chronic EBV replication, recurrent episodes of immune dysregulation manifestations and lymphomas. These cases highlighted the importance of a tailored and close follow-up, including serial endoscopic and lymph nodes biopsies control to detect a prompt and correct diagnosis and offer the best therapeutic strategy.

Notions of Independence: Examples and Properties

We analyze the notions of independence of a set of postulates, proposed by G. Peano, E. H. Moore, A. Church and F. Harary, together with a presumably new notion inspired by H. M. Sheffer. For each of these notions, we present a proper definition and give illustrative examples. We give a complete picture of the implications between these notions of independence. Then, we make some additional observations that shed some light on these notions and some concepts related to them.

Basic principles of biobanking: from biological samples to precision medicine for patients

The term “biobanking” is often misapplied to any collection of human biological materials (biospecimens) regardless of requirements related to ethical and legal issues or the standardization of different processes involved in tissue collection. A proper definition of biobanks is large collections of biospecimens linked to relevant personal and health information (health records, family history, lifestyle, genetic information) that are held predominantly for use in health and medical research. In addition, the International Organization for Standardization, in illustrating the requirements for biobanking (ISO 20387:2018), stresses the concept of biobanks being legal entities driving the process of acquisition and storage together with some or all of the activities related to collection, preparation, preservation, testing, analysing and distributing defined biological material as well as related information and data. In this review article, we aim to discuss the basic principles of biobanking, spanning from definitions to classification systems, standardization processes and documents, sustainability and ethical and legal requirements. We also deal with emerging specimens that are currently being generated and shaping the so-called next-generation biobanking, and we provide pragmatic examples of cancer-associated biobanking by discussing the process behind the construction of a biobank and the infrastructures supporting the implementation of biobanking in scientific research.

Frame covariant formalism for fermionic theories

We present a frame- and reparametrisation-invariant formalism for quantum field theories that include fermionic degrees of freedom. We achieve this using methods of field-space covariance and the Vilkovisky–DeWitt (VDW) effective action. We explicitly construct a field-space supermanifold on which the quantum fields act as coordinates. We show how to define field-space tensors on this supermanifold from the classical action that are covariant under field reparametrisations. We then employ these tensors to equip the field-space supermanifold with a metric, thus solving a long-standing problem concerning the proper definition of a metric for fermionic theories. With the metric thus defined, we use well-established field-space techniques to extend the VDW effective action and express any fermionic theory in a frame- and field-reparametrisation-invariant manner.

ON THE 1100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CHRISTENING OF ALANYA. ALANIAN LIBRARY

В настоящей рецензии представлена оценка монографии, посвященной проблемам принятия христианства аланами в начале X в. Под данными событиями понима­ется становление христианства как государственной религии. Основное внимание в рецензируемой книге уделяется биографии и деятельности Константинопольского патриарха Николая I Мистика и его «аланскому досье». Основу монографии состав­ляет анализ данных из соответствующих писем патриарха в части, касающей­ся заявленной проблемы. Перевод соответствующих частей писем на русский язык представлен в заключительной части издания. Выход самой монографии открывает серию «Аланская библиотека» издательства «Ир», инициированной накануне празд­нования 1100-летия крещения Алании, что придает изданию не только научное, но и важное общественное значение. В рецензии представлена некоторая корректиров­ка в представлении о формировании научной парадигмы, устанавливающей генети­ческую связь между аланами раннего средневековья и современными осетинами. По мнению рецензента, противоречивыми представляются попытки выявления более раннего периода знакомства алан с христианством. В данном случае само понятие «знакомство» остается без должного определения. Постулирование наличия светской и церковной науки противоречит самому понятию науки. Некоторые представлен­ные трактовки содержания нарративных источников, как минимум, выводят их в область дискуссии. Предложенные в рецензии частные замечания не затрагивают ос­новную часть монографического издания, в которой анализируются различные стра­ницы деятельности Николая I Мистика и письма его «аланского досье». По мнению рецензента, именно она должна оказаться наиболее привлекательной для широко кру­га читателей, для которых и предназначенная серия «Аланская библиотека». В книге представлен материал, освещающий как сам процесс принятия христианства Ала­нией, так и его источники. This review presents an assessment of the monograph devoted to the problems of the adoption of Christianity by the Alans at the beginning of the 10th century. These events are understood as the formation of Christianity as the state religion. The main attention is paid to the biography and activities of the Patriarch of Constantinople Nicholas I Mysticos and his “Alanian dossier”. The basis of the monograph is the analysis of data from the corresponding letters of the patriarch in the part concerning the stated problem. The translation of the corresponding parts of the letters into Russian is presented in the final part of the publication. The publication of the monograph itself opens the series of the “Alanian Library” of the “Ir” publishing house, initiated on the eve of the celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the baptism of Alania, which gives the publication not only scientific, but also important social significance. The review presents some correction in the idea of the formation of a scientific paradigm that establishes a genetic link between the Alans of the early Middle Ages and modern Ossetians. In the opinion of the reviewer, attempts to identify an earlier period of the Alans’ acquaintance with Christianity seem to be contradictory. In this case, the very concept of “acquaintance” remains without proper definition. The postulation of the existence of secular and ecclesiastical science contradicts the very concept of science. Some of the presented interpretations of the content of narrative sources, at least, bring them into the area of discussion. The private remarks offered in the review do not affect the main part of the monographic publication, which analyzes various pages of the activities of Nicholas I the Mystic and the letters of his “Alanian dossier”. According to the reviewer, it should be the most attractive for a wide range of readers, for whom the initiated series «Alanian Library» is intended. It provides material that sanctifies both the process of adoption of Christianity by Alania and its sources.

An overview on Individual Criminal Liability for Crime of Aggression

Over the last few years, international criminal law has included an internationally recognized definition of the crime of aggression. One may sight the respective portion from part two (Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Laws) Article 8 of the respective document. The purpose of this research represents the historical background of individual criminal responsibility under international law and the concept of individual criminal accountability for the crimes falling under the ambit of international criminal law committed by persons. Whereas the idea of how an individual could be brought to justice, for one of the core crimes of ICC's statutes, i.e., crime of aggression, was recently adopted and envisaged into Rome statutes, after the Kampala conference 2010. The concept of individual criminal responsibility for the crime of aggression faced many difficulties in at-least adopting its proper definition, which was leftover for future when Rome statue was formulated. To keep pace, this concept needs further evolution. Such an evolution demands such a condition wherein while granting the characteristics of adaptability with the contextual conditions and principles of criminal law. This article explores the anatomy of the crime of aggression and highlights issues that remain to be resolved

Beating Carnot efficiency with periodically driven chiral conductors

Classically, the power generated by an ideal thermal machine cannot be larger than the Carnot limit. This profound result is rooted in the second law of thermodynamics. A hot question is whether this bound is still valid for microengines operating far from equilibrium. Here, we demonstrate that a quantum chiral conductor driven by AC voltage can indeed work with efficiencies much larger than the Carnot bound. The system also extracts work from common temperature baths, violating Kelvin-Planck statement. Nonetheless, with the proper definition, entropy production is always positive and the second law is preserved. The crucial ingredients to obtain efficiencies beyond the Carnot limit are: i) irreversible entropy production by the photoassisted excitation processes due to the AC field and ii) absence of power injection thanks to chirality. Our results are relevant in view of recent developments that use small conductors to test the fundamental limits of thermodynamic engines.