«Қазақ» гэх нэрийн дөрвөн хэлний дуудлагын тухай өгүүлэх нь (= Произношение этнонима ‘қазақ’ в монгольском, казахском, китайском и русском языках)

Introduction. Kazakhs are a Turkic people dominant in present-day Republic of Kazakhstan. The former also reside in adjacent territories of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and Turkey. Ancient written sources employed quite a number of ethnonyms — including the endonym қазақ (Qazaq) — to denote the ethnos. And the issue of etymology is still debatable. According to the main version, the word қазақ stands for a ‘free, unrestricted, independent person’. Goals. The paper seeks to examine spelling variants of the ethnonym in national languages of bordering countries — Mongolian, Chinese, and Russian. Results. The ethnonym has two spelling variants in Mongolian, namely: хасаг and казак. The former is the traditional spelling adopted by Mongols since ancient times. In Mongolian, the first syllable ка- (ka-) turns into ха- (kha-), which thus gave rise to the mentioned form. The second spelling variant was borrowed in the mid-to-late 20th century from Russian, and is a neologism. The Chinese hasake is as transformed as other ethnonyms, e.g., монгол (Mongol) — menggu, русский (Russian) — eluosi, ойрат (Oirat) — weilate, elute. Russians tended to call Kazakhs ‘Kirghiz-Kaisaks’, or ‘Kirghizes’ till the early 20th century. The latter ethnonym was replaced by қазақ (Qazaq), and further the spelling казах (Kazakh) was officially accepted.

On the Normalization of Toponyms with Varying ы [y] / и [i] after ц [ts]

The article is devoted to the study of the variation of the letters ы [y] and и [i] after ц [ts] in toponyms ending in -цыно(а) / -цино(а) , -цынск- / -цинск- , as well as the normalization of such toponyms at the present stage. The relevance of the study is due to the need to create common principles for the normalization of place names and improve the rules of Russian spelling. The novelty of the study is seen in the use of linguistic and statistical methods on the material of the entire Russian toponymicon. On the basis of the State catalog of geographical names, legal acts, topographic maps and directories of the administrative-territorial structure, examples of variable toponyms are revealed and the features of their normalization are shown. A historical review of the codified use norm on the letter ы and и after ц is completed. Using statistical analysis, it was found that almost half of the toponyms are written contrary to the current spelling rules. The results of the analysis of the usual spelling of the considered toponyms of different regions over the past half century are presented. The principle of traditional spelling of geographical names is called into question. A case has been revealed in the spelling of geographical names that does not have a codified norm. Suggestions have been made to improve the normalization of place names ending in -цыно(а) / -цино(а) , -цынск- / -цинск- .

Double consonant spelling regulation in borrowed words in Russian spelling improvement and standardization projects of 1930–1956

The paper deals with traditionally problematic and not fully settled issues of Russian spelling – the spelling of double consonants in borrowed words. The peculiarities of regulation of the spelling concerned in the number of normative sources of the 18–20 centuries are specified. The author considers the views of some linguists on possible reasons for this varia-ble writing and proposals for eliminating the diversity that is characteristic of spelling practice both before and after the 1917th – 1918th spelling reform. A detailed analysis is made of the materials of eleven projects of Russian spelling improvement and standardization, which were elaborated by spelling commissions in the period from 1930 to 1956. The paper provides a description of normative settings of the projects that differ in character and content: prescrip-tive, built in the form of a traditional spelling rule-explanation and the recommendation to the writer to refer directly to the dictionary. Common views on approaches, validity and expedi-ency of normative principles considered in the context of spelling discussion of 1964 and the subsequent discussion of this issue are revealed. Consideration is given to the formulation of the double consonant spelling rule in loanwords in the complete academic reference book (2006), and examples of variable spelling from modern practice are provided. The source base of the research, along with explanatory, spelling dictionaries and draft rules, were un-published archival documents of the Russian Academy of Science.

Orthographic Norm and Grammatical Homonymy

The article deals with the relevant linguistic issue of correlation between word spelling and the distinction of units belonging to different grammatical classes. The concepts of word and part of speech are contrasted. The author has revealed the peculiarities of lexical units functioning in written speech, which enables their part-of-speech status identification. The analysis of criteria, suggested by the linguists for differentiation of homonymous adverbs, preposition-and-case-form combinations, and derivative prepositions resulted in proposing a procedure of consecutive operations, accomplished to identify the part-of-speech status of grammatically homonymous words. The results of the linguistic experiment show how in speech practice native speakers solve the problems of part of speech determination and establishing the spelling of such words. It was revealed that the methods for distinguishing grammatical homonyms used by recipients, in many cases, do not lead to the correct solution. The existing codified guidelines are not applied while writing, as spelling of the major part of grammatically homonymous words does not meet the requirements of the norm. To solve the problem under consideration, it is necessary to adjust the content of spelling rules and change the spelling of a number of words, where traditional spelling principles are reflected.

The Inscriptions on the Gravestones in the Croatian Villages of Slovakia, Chunovo and Jarovce: The Specificity of Mixing Graphics Systems

The article discusses the inscriptions on funerary monuments from the Croatian villages of Cunovo and Jarovce, located in the South of Slovakia, near Bratislava. These inscriptions reflect the complicated sociocultural situation in the region, which is particularly specific due to the fact that this territory was included to Slovakia’s territory only after 1946, while earlier the village was part of Hungary. In addition, the local Croatian ethnic group was actively in close contact with the German and Hungarian communities. At the same time, the orthographic norms of the literary Croatian, German, Hungarian, and Slovak languages, which could potentially be owned by the authors of the inscriptions, differ in many ways, despite the Latin alphabet used on all the gravestones. All this is reflected in the tombstones, representing a high degree of mixing codes. The article identifies the main types of fusion on the monuments: separate orthograms, writing the maiden name of the deceased in the spelling of her native language, the traditional spelling of the family name. In addition, the mixing of codes can be associated with writing feminitives, also order of name and surname within the anthroponym. Moreover, the settlements themselves represent different ethnic groups coexistence within the village. Gravestones from the respective cemeteries also differ from each other in the nature of the prevailing trend of the mixing codes. In Jarovce, where the ethnic groups live compactly, fusion is often presented as a separate foreign language orthograms. In Cunovo, where the ethnic groups constitute a global conglomerate, more traditional presents for a specific family spelling of the names on the monument.

The hyphen as a non-traditional sign of orthography

In this study we consider such a nonalphabetical sign of Russian orthography, as the hyphen, which was field of increased focus of the famous Kazakh scientist N.I. Gainullina. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the written works of today’s bachelor’s, master’s degree student and even postgraduate students are confused three characters: a dash as a punctuation mark, a hyphen as a sign of orthography and em dash, or “long dash”, which appeared as a result of the development of information technology and computer-network topics, the so-called “Internet” “long dash”. Based on the material of examples of writing Russian toponyms found that among the currently existing recommendations on the use of hyphen and contained in the current, known to all Russian speakers set of orthographic rules, there is no clear notation that would provide for its use for the division of complex toponyms; we highlight the reasons for the unresolved spelling of complex toponyms. It has been established that the “expressive purposes” of the hyphen usage, the statement of which contradicts the traditional spelling of the word, and it is proved that the use of the hyphen in various texts should be considered as a manifestation of the individual author’s handwriting features, when the main goal of the author of the text is achieved-to convey the proposed subtleties of the meaning of words and the elegance of the formula of self – expression.

STORE NAME STRATEGIES IN CHINA AND RUSSIA

This article identifies and analyzes the priority ways of naming the trade organizations of Chelyabinsk and Heihe cities in the zone of cross-border economic cooperation between China and Russia. The typology of the names of shops and other enterprises providing goods and services shows ethnic and cultural features that manifest themselves in the modern language space of the two countries. A large variety of organization names was found in Chelyabinsk city: single words (including complex ones) both Russian and foreign, word groups consisting of Russian and foreign words, abbreviations as well as words with non-traditional spelling and unclear meaning. Six types of naming were found in Heihe city: words with positive connotations, words pointing to the major function of an organization, names containing a company’s location, words including the owner’s name, unsuitable names and samples of erroneous translation. The first 4 can be considered strategic ways of naming as far as they help promote companies that they name on the market of goods and services and play a considerable role in forming potential customers loyalty.

Dedicated to the centenary of Russian spelling reform. The fate of Russian language in the publications of Narodopravstvo weekly

The work dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Russian spelling reform deals with the history of the fight for the national cultural values in the epoch of revolutionary destruction. The research focuses on the publications of 1917 in Narodopravstvo weekly that have been staying out of view of the academicians. These are articles “Fate of language” by D. Arkin, “Obligatory illiteracy” by N. Dosekin and “Our language” by B. Zaytsev. These works allow to clarify some specifics of linguistic consciousness of the Russian society, bring additional shades to the picture of cultural and historical process of early 20th c. Realizing the threat of the cultural layer destruction, the authors of the articles oppose the escalation of negative trends in language and suggest the ways to purify Russian speech, bringing back its vitality and strength. The central point of polemics is the spelling reform begun by the Provisional government and then violently enforced by the Bolsheviks. Arguments against new spelling, the most important of them being a gap with centuries-old heritage of the people are considered. The work also includes the review of declarations of writers and creative figures who attempted, following suit to Narodopravstvo, to have the reform cancelled in the first year of the Soviet power. Evaluations of traditional spelling among the Russian émigré and in the modern academic discourse are also presented.

Social media, spontaneous writing and dictation. Spelling variation

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the hypothesis of young people having the multi-skills required to switch between formal and informal communication. We collected samples of the written output of students across different media and communication situations. The results obtained through dictation tests show that the students’ level is relatively low, with a majority of grammatical errors. The analysis of linguistic forms common to the corpora indicates that all the participants use traditional spelling in at least one of them. Lastly, we present a qualitative analysis of spelling variation and an overview of the teenagers’ linguistic representations.

Rethinking Romano-British *Corinium

It is suggested that the name generally accepted as the Romano-British name of Cirencester, *Corinium, the traditional spelling deriving from a Latin rendering of that in Ptolemy's Geography, is mistaken, and that for philologically sound reasons the authentic name is more likely to have been Cironium, as recorded in the Ravenna Cosmography.