The valorization of neem leaves infused coconut oil at various concentrations for the production of natural liquid shampoo

The liquid shampoo is a product that is generally used to clean hair and scalp. The additional active ingredient used in the liquid shampoo is neem leaves which contain polyphenols that have antibacterial effects. Neem leaves extract was made by hot infusion method with coconut oil as a solvent. The purposes of this research were to find the best concentration of neem leaves infused oil for liquid shampoo material and compare the qualities of liquid shampoo with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of Shampoo 06-2692-1992. The method of this research was a laboratory experiment with descriptive analysis. This research was conducted in five treatments. Concentration neem leaves infused oil for liquid shampoo materials were ratio between coconut oil and neem leaves in sample A = 720:0 (w/w); B = 720:22,5 (w/w); C = 720:30 (w/w); D = 720:45 (w/w); and E = 720:90 (w/w). The result showed that all of the shampoos met the SNI of Shampoo 06-2692-1992 according to organoleptic, moisture content, and pH. The best shampoo based on organoleptic observation was shampoo C (720:30 (w/w)) with a hedonic percentage of 40%, moisture content of 69.89%, pH 7.03, and specific gravity of 1.0223 g/g. The highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was shampoo E (720:90 (w/w)) with an inhibition zone diameter was 9.5 mm. Shampoo with the highest antibacterial activity resulted from the highest addition of coconut oils infused Neem leaves. It proved that neem leaves were effective as an additive in making shampoo to boost its antimicrobial properties.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Eco-Friendly Detergen Daun Balik Angin (Alphitonia Excelsa) pada Kelompok Ibu-ibu di Desa Mandi Angin

Special Purpose Forest Area (KHDTK) Lambung Mangkurat University is a forest area with types of plants and trees. KHDTK is close to residential areas. The existence of community activities around KHDTK will indirectly have an impact on the sustainability of KHDTK. The community activities that impact KHDTK are bathing, washing, and latrine activities (MCK). This community activity provides insight into the impact of using chemical detergents on health and the environment, as well as increasing community empowerment around the KHDTK area in processing natural resources in the form of processing leaves into environmentally friendly detergents. The implementation method consists of two steps, the first step is counseling, and the second step is the preparation of eco-friendly detergents. Counseling carried out by providing knowledge about the impact of synthetic detergents and the manufacture of environmentally friendly detergents. In this activity, the active ingredients used are balik angin leaves because these leaves contain saponins. Leaves balik angin extraction using the infusion method. The results of the evaluation of the activities showed an increase in public knowledge about the impact of synthetic detergents on the environment and an increase in community skills in making environmentally friendly detergents. This activity is very useful in increasing the knowledge and skills of the community.

Evaluation of the vacuum infusion process objectives at the early stages of computer simulation

Increasing the quality and reliable reproducibility of large-size composite structures molding using the vacuum infusion method, which is gaining popularity in various industries, is achieved in practice through numerous tests by try and errors that require significant costs and time. The purpose of these tests is to determine the layout of the ports for the resin injection and vacuum supply, as well as the temperature regime that ensures the absence of isolated non-impregnated zones, the minimum porosity and the required reinforcement volume fraction in the composite. The proposed approach removes the simplifying assumptions used in commercial software for modeling the process, which reduce the accuracy of reconstruction of its dynamics and the sensitivity to the formation of unrepairable defects such as dry spots. It involves multiphysics modeling of resin filling in a porous preform by describing the resin front dynamics by the phase field equation, pressure distribution in an unsaturated porous medium by the Richards equation, the evolution of the degree of cure by the convection / diffusion / thermokinetics equation, and thermal processes by the heat transfer equation using modified models of viscosity, the diffusion coefficient of the degree of cure, the boundary condition for the vacuum port. To reduce the finite element computation time of the investigated variants of the process, which is necessary for its computer optimization, the predictive partial sub-criteria were used, which give a reliable prediction before the beginning of the resin gel and solidification. Due to this, a gain in computation time is 30-50% with a significant prediction accuracy of quality objectives and the presence of possible defects.

177Lu-DOTA-0-Tyr3-Octreotate Infusion Modeling for Real-Time Detection and Characterization of Extravasation During PRRT

Purpose. Given the recent and rapid development of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), increasing emphasis should be placed on the early identification and quantification of therapeutic radiopharmaceutical (thRPM) extravasation during intravenous administration. Herein, we provide an analytical model of 177Lu-DOTA0-Tyr3-octreotate (Lutathera®) infusion for real-time detection and characterization of thRPM extravasation. Methods. For 33 Lutathera®-based PRRT procedures using the gravity infusion method, equivalent dose rates (EDRs) were monitored at the patient’s arm. Models of flow dynamics for nonextravasated and extravasated infusions were elaborated and compared to experimental data through an equivalent dose rate (EDR) calibration. Nonextravasated infusion was modeled by assuming constant volume dilution of 177Lu activity concentration in the vial and Poiseuille-like laminar flow through the tubing and patient vein. Extravasated infusions were modeled according to their onset times by considering elliptically shaped extravasation with different aspect ratios. Results. Over the 33 procedures, the peak of the median EDR was reached 14 min after the start of the infusion with a value of 450 uSv/h. On the basis of experimental measurements, 1 mSv/h was considered the empirical threshold for Lutathera® extravasation requiring cessation of the infusion and start again with a new route of injection. According to our model, the concentration of extravascular activity was directly related to the time of extravasation onset and its duration, a finding inherent in the gravity infusion method. This result should be considered when planning therapeutic strategy in the case of RPM extravasation because the local absorbed dose for β-emitters is closely linked to activity concentration. For selected EDR values, charts of extravasated activity, volume, and activity concentration were computed for extravasation characterization. Conclusion. We proposed an analytical model of Lutathera® infusion and extravasation (gravity method) based on EDR monitoring. This approach could be useful for the early detection of thRPM extravasation and for the real-time assessment of activity concentration and volume accumulation in the extravascular medium.

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY OF KANADI TAILA AND ITS MODIFIED OINTMENT

Aims: To prepare Kanadi Taila as per classical method and its modification into an ointment by using petroleum jelly as a base, as well as to do its organoleptic and physic-chemical analysis. Methods: Kanadi Taila was prepared as per the classical method of Taila Kalpana and its modification into an ointment by modern infusion method by using petroleum jelly as a base. Then it was evaluated for organoleptic and physic-chemical characteristics. Results: The final product Kanadi Taila and Kanadi Taila ointment were of desirable consistency and quality. Discussion: Kanadi Taila is well-known medicine for its wound healing property, and it was prepared as per classical method but due to its difficulty in application, there is a need to modify it into a more patient-friendly form. Kanadi Taila was modified into a topical ointment with white petroleum jelly as the base for attaining the desired consistency. Conclusion: The formulation Kanadi Taila is mentioned in the text Ayurveda Sara, Tratiya bhaga Prameha chikitsa adhyaya. Appropriate Paka Lakshanas were observed during Taila Paka, as well as the prepared Kanadi Taila ointment was of desired consistency

The Development of Disaster Mitigation Curriculum to Improve Disaster Response Capabilities At The Elementary School In Indonesia

Disasters threaten the safety of vulnerable groups such the eldery, children and women. Based on the case of natural disasters that occurred in Indonesia, the need for a pragmatic strategy in forming the Indonesian people are aware of the dangers of natural disasters. One strategic step that taken is through the education sector. This research aims to create a disaster mitigation curriculum that has been formulated to produce disaster responsive learners. This research uses R&D (research and development method) by Borg and Gall (2003), in the stages of research and information, planning and initial product development. While for curriculum development used the Tyler model with the infusion method and block method. Data collection techniques used namely interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings of this research are based curriculum products to the stages of disaster mitigation include, 1) the concept of disaster mitigation curriculum, 2) The concept of the learning process (Intrakurikuler), 3) The concept of training process (Extracurricular, and 4) The concept of the assessment process (Evaluation). These results indicate curriculum products are made to increase disaster response capabilities of students through intracurricular and extracurricular activities as well as minimizing the impact of the disaster victims and improve disaster response capabilities for students in Indonesia. Keywords: Curriculum, Disaster Mitigation, Tyler's Model.

PME and CaCl2 vacuum infusion maintains the firmness and physicochemical characteristics of tomato fruits

Tomato is a fruit of great commercial importance and highly cultivated. However, postharvest losses represent one of the main problems of this crop and can be minimized as alternative techniques. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to maintain tomato firmness by applying calcium chloride-associated pectin-methylesterase (PME) by the vacuum infusion method. Tomatoes of cultivar IAP-6 were submitted to vacuum infusion with water, vacuum infusion with 5% calcium chloride and vacuum infusion with PME associated with 5% calcium chloride, fruits without infusion were used as control. Fresh mass loss, fruit firmness, peel color, soluble solids content, pH, total acidity, PME activity and calcium activity were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4x5 factorial scheme with three replications for 12 days, evaluated every 3 days. The means were compared using the Tukey test (p <0.05). Data were analyzed graphically with confidence interval (CI p <0.05). Regarding the loss of fresh mass there was an increase over time in all treatments. The PME + CaCl2 5% treatment was the most suitable for reducing firmness loss, as well as presenting the smallest variation of PME activity, as well as low levels of organic acids. Therefore, vacuum infusion with PME + CaCl2 in tomatoes maintains acceptable firmness and physicochemical characteristics as well as CaCl2 infusion.

The First International Guideline for Oxytocin Safely Decreased Oxytocin Amount During Cesarean Section: A Single-Institution Retrospective Analysis

Purpose: It is routine to administer oxytocin following delivery of the neonate during cesarean section. However, there are many kinds of administration methods. Heesen et al. published an international consensus statement in 2019 on the use of uterotonic agents, including oxytocin during cesarean section [1]. Our institution adapted the guideline-based oxytocin infusion method. We verified the validity of the new approach after one year. Methods: A single-center retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent cesarean section with a new protocol or the conventional manner from November 2019 to December 2020 was conducted. The primary endpoint was a significant difference in the amount of intraoperative hemorrhage and the total oxytocin amount. Secondary endpoints included differences in the incidence of intraoperative complications. Results: The study included 174 patients: 66 in the new protocol group and 108 in the conventional group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for oxytocin amount (new protocol 4.2 [3.2-5.9] vs. conventional 5.0 [5.0-10] IU, p<0.01) with equivalent intraoperative hemorrhages (new protocol 558 [337-963] vs. conventional 683 [484-1012] g, p=0.08). There was no significant difference in the incidence of nausea. Conclusion: The new guideline-based oxytocin administration safely decreased the intraoperative oxytocin amount in our institution.

An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Mersin (Turkey)

This comprehensive ethnobotanical study carried out in Mersin province, which is located in the southern part of Anatolia, east of the Mediterranean Sea, compiles details on plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained through face-to-face interviews. The aim was to collect and identify plants used for therapeutic purposes by local people and to record information on traditional herbal medicine. Plant specimens were collected in numerous excursions. Additionally, informant consensus factor and use value (UV) were calculated for information gathered. This study identifies 93 plant taxa belonging to 43 families and records their usage in folk medicine; 83 taxa are wild and the remaining 10 are cultivated. The most commonly used plants belong to Lamiaceae, representing 15.0% of the total, while the Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Hypericaceae, Asteraceae and Cupressaceae families each represented another 5.4%. As a result of this investigation, we determine 189 medicinal usages of 93 taxa. The UV values indicate that the most important medicine plants are Hypericum perforatum (0.80), Cedrus libani (0.78), Quercus coccifera (0.77), Arum dioscoridis (0.76) and Juniperus drupaceae (0.74). We observed that most of the drugs are prepared using the infusion method (27.6%). As a conclusion, the study finds that traditional folk medicine usage is still common, especially among the rural population of Mersin.