What the History of Medical Care for Acute Lung Inflammation Teaches Us

Historical experience in any discipline is invaluable for its future, as the study of the results of previous practice allows you to use and develop on a new level previous successes and achievements, but at the same time avoid the mistakes of the past. Looking from these positions at the state of the problem of acute pneumonia (AP), it seems that this disease, which has more than two and a half thousand years of fame, does not have any worthy results of centuries of experience. This is not just a statement, it is a statement of fact. Today, when a large number of patients with coronavirus pneumonia appeared, it turned out that there is no reasonable treatment for this situation, and its search is conducted in a "combat situation" and actually from a "clean slate". There is no doubt that many experts, after reading such an assessment, immediately parry it, saying that we are talking about a new pathogen, against which there are no specific means yet. But this is only a small part of the circumstances. The fact is that the usual scheme of fighting the pathogen, created over the past decades, has long turned into a leading didactic and practical dogma, replacing a logical scientific and clinically based program of medical care for a specific disease.

CONTACT CLARIFIERS IN THE PREPARATION OF DRINKING WATER

The article discusses the problem of improving the technological process of clarifying water for drinking purposes using contact clarifiers, which allows to reduce the consumption of reagents, improve water quality, reduce capital and operating costs, and reduce the cost of water. The method of water treatment, based on the use of the phenomenon of contact coagulation, is called the method of contact clarification. This method is able to provide a high and stable effect under various physicochemical conditions of coagulation, changing according to the seasons of the year with lower doses of coagulant than in the usual scheme of water treatment with sedimentation and filtration. It was found that the contact coagulation of suspended and colloidal impurities of water on sand grains when water moves through granular filters is faster, more complete, more stable when the physicochemical conditions of coagulation change according to the seasons of the year. And, finally, at lower doses of coagulant than the usual coagulation of these impurities in the free volume of water in flocculation chambers and settling tanks. It is advisable to use contact clarifier in one-stage treatment schemes for low-turbid colored waters, when the total content of suspended solids in the water supplied to the contact clarifiers, including the suspension that is formed as a result of the introduction of reagents into the water, does not exceed 150 mg/dm3. With a higher suspension content in water, the water consumption for flushing contact clarifiers increases sharply. It was found that the zones of contact coagulation when using a conventional coagulant solution are slightly smaller than when treating water with a modified solution of aluminum sulfate (the latter takes place on the curves of contact coagulation of both low-turbid and turbid waters). The analysis of contact coagulation zones shows that when treating water using a modified coagulant solution, it makes it possible to reduce the calculated doses of coagulant by an average of 30-45% without deteriorating the quality of water clarification.

The Dialectics of Creation and the Projective Structure of Space

The article considers creationism as a historically relevant principle in the scientific and philosophic aspects denoting the ontological structure of the world. Outside of the religious interpretation, the author speaks of the dialectics of creation, which is revealed as an implicative connection of the one and nothing. Logical inversion (logical turn), acting from within this implicative connection, is postulated as the principle of a fundamental negation, which, according to the author, forms the true and dramatic essence of the world as a creation. The author distances himself from the widespread discussion between evolutionism and scientific creationism, stating that it does not correspond to the very subject of creationism, understood as the implication of a real from nothing. The author focuses on considering ‘nothing’ as a purely dialectical / metaphysical principle and relies partly on the Hegel’s dialectic of ‘being’ and ‘nothing’, and partly on the neoplatonic concept of the one. Rejecting the medieval interpretation of the temporal beginning and the Hegel’s identity, he deduces a scheme of the logical connection between the one and the difference, which postulates the inversion (turnover) forming the creation - the one and the difference disjunctively change places, the one becomes the real, and the difference out of the one becomes nothing. It is argued that this postulate, in particular, refutes the thesis about the ‘fall into sin’. In the second part of the article, a spatial-phenomenological hypothesis is presented: the author provides a description of the space as a geometrical-semantic plane (projective structure). This hypothesis follows from the phenomenological problem of the duality of a geometric object, which results in the problem of ontological transition between a point and a line (in the aporia of the Eleats) and the related problem of spatial congruence / parallelism. According to the author, the potential for solving these not essentially mathematical, but metaphysical questions is the projective geometry, in which parallel lines intersect at ‘point at infinity’, and space is complemented by the ‘plane at infinity’. The essence of the solution consists, firstly, in the assumption of the single plane, which underlies the transition, and secondly, in the description of the perceived world as a result of a specific turn over and closure of this plane, forming the projective structure. The key in this part is the demonstration of the surface of a three-dimensional object as a phenomenon of perceptual-semantic unfolding, which can be imagined as an action of consciousness, consistently reducing the usual scheme. An important aspect of considering the projective structure is the correlation with ‘the Plane’ by G. Deleuze. The general idea of the article is that the dialectical scheme of creation and the projective structure of the space coincide: the logical inversion (logical turn), acting in connection of the one and nothing, and projective structural turnover – are the same things.

LCA and LCC of dried and shredded food waste as an alternative fuel for the cement industry

The scope of this paper is to examine the environmental and economic performance of an alternative household fermentable waste (HFW) management paradigm, developed within the framework of the HORIZON 2020 project Waste4think. In Greece, the business-as-usual scheme for the management of HFW is its disposal in landfills as part of mixed waste. Waste4think developed an alternative approach based on the benefits of source separation. Specifically, source separated HFW is taken to a drying/shredding plant, located in the municipality, for the production of a high-quality biomass product called FORBI. Alternative approaches have been examined for the exploitation of FORBI. In this work, the use of FORBI as an alternative fuel for the cement industry is assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) tools. The results show that the proposed HFW management framework performs better than the baseline scenario both in economic and environmental terms. However, focus should be given to the optimisation of the drying/shredding process in order to reduce its energy intensity and environmental loadings.

On the Efficient Monitoring of Multivariate Processes with Unknown Parameters

Control charts are commonly used tools that deal with monitoring of process parameters in an efficient manner. Multivariate control charts are more practical and are of greater importance for timely detection of assignable causes in multiple quality characteristics. This study deals with multivariate memory control charts to address smaller shifts in process mean vector. By adopting a new homogeneous weighting scheme, we have designed an efficient structure for multivariate process monitoring. We have also investigated the effect of an estimated variance covariance matrix on the proposed chart by considering different numbers and sizes of subgroups. We have evaluated the performance of the newly proposed multivariate chart under different numbers of quality characteristics and varying sample sizes. The performance measures used in this study include average run length, standard deviation run length, extra quadratic loss, and relative average run length. The performance analysis revealed that the proposed control chart outperforms the usual scheme under both known and estimated parameters. An application of the study proposal is also presented using a data set related to Olympic archery, for the monitoring of the location of arrows over the concentric rings on the archery board.

USING SENSITIVITY FUNCTION FOR CONGESTION CONTROL IN TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

The scheme of control of congestion with the use of feedback on the sign of the sensitivity function of productivity of the telecommunication network is considered. The performance sensitivity sign (target function) provides the optimal direction for adjusting the speed of the data source. The most common scheme for controlling binary feedback feedback messages about possible network congestion is to detect and set the congestion bit based on the length of the incoming packet queue. The main advantage of a queue-based scheme is its low complexity: the length of the queue can be controlled by a single counter. However, this method can create large queues in network nodes. Detecting the created mash should be delayed for some time to create the queue. Similarly, the detection of a congestion solution is also delayed by the time required to process the queue. To determine the sensitivity function of the network performance, it is proposed to use a simple neural network model of the dynamic system. The developed optimal control algorithm provides the formation of a control signal in such a way that the output of the system is as close as possible to the pre-established characteristics of the network. The model for the backtroque prediction of the queue state is proposed. The results of the simulation of the performance of the proposed scheme show that the scheme based on sensitivity has better performance compared with the usual scheme of choosing the threshold. A sensitivity-based circuit gives smaller variations in queue size and source speeds. Moreover, fluctuations are not significantly different, even if there are large changes in the service speeds of bottlenecks in the telecommunication network or its fragments.

Electron dynamics inside a vacuum tube diode through linear differential equations

In this paper we analyze the motion of charged particles in a vacuum tube diode by solving linear differential equations. Our analysis is based on expressing the volume charge density as a function of the current density and coordinates only, i.e. ρ=ρ(J,z), while in the usual scheme the volume charge density is expressed as a function of the current density and electrostatic potential, i.e. ρ=ρ(J,V). We show that, in the case of slow varying charge density, the space-charge-limited current is reduced up to 50%. Our approach gives the well-known behavior of the classical current density proportional to the three-halves power of the bias potential and inversely proportional to the square of the gap distance between electrodes, and does not require the solution of the nonlinear differential equation normally associated with the Child–Langmuir formulation.

Alternative Scheme of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking

We develop an alternative scheme of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking which is characterized by four-quark condensates instead of (7jq),*O. In this scheme the Nambu-Goldstone bosons acquire a mass squared - m~uark' in comparison with mquark in the usual scheme. The quark mass ratios and the parameters of the scheme are determined by an application to the pseudoscalar nonet spectrum (including 'lT0_'Yj_'Yj' mixing). The decays Iji -+('lT0 , 'Yj, 'Yj}y and Iji' -+ 1ji('lT0 , 'Yj) are also considered. The results do not promote the alternative scheme.

Some Aspects of the U(1) Problem and the Pseudoscalar Mass Spectrum

A complete discussion of the nonet pseudoscalar mass spectrum and related topics is given. The U(l) problern is briefly reviewed and the large-N point of view is considered. The necessity for a vector ghost gluonic particle, in order to resolve the U(l) problem, is stressed. Scalar ghosts and the Kogut-Susskind mechanism are shown to be insufficient. An analysis of the 1]-1]' mixing problem, with and without PCAC corrections, is made and it is suggested that the singlet decay constant may be nearly twice as large as the other octet decay constants. A general discussion of PCAC corrections is given and the remaining pseudoscalars are considered. As byproducts quark mass values are given and the rnq dependence of <ijq) is elucidated. In the usual scheme, it is found that (8S) ~ 1�48(uu). The 1] ~ tttttt decays are also discussed.